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"In the beginning of change, the patriot is a scarce man (or womanhttps://flutrackers.com/forum/core/i...ilies/wink.png), and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for it then costs nothing to be a patriot."- Mark TwainReason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. -Thomas Paine
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="782"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="#0063c8" height="3" width="1">
</td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#0063c8" height="1" width="780">EISS - Weekly Electronic Bulletin</td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> <td bgcolor="#0063c8" height="1" width="780"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="White"> <td bgcolor="#0063c8" nowrap="nowrap" width="254">Week 44 : 29/10/2007-04/11/2007</td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#0063c8" nowrap="nowrap" width="258">
</td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#0063c8" nowrap="nowrap" width="254">09 November 2007, Issue N? 239</td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="780"></td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> <td bgcolor="#1d92ff" height="3" width="780"></td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="780"></td> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="Black" height="1" width="1"></td> <td bgcolor="white" width="780"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> Low levels of influenza activity in Europe Summary: Levels of influenza activity remain low in Europe, with 28 countries reporting no or only sporadic influenza activity this week. There has been no change in influenza activity in the last week, or since the start of the 2007-2008 season in week 40/2007, and seasonal influenza activity has not yet started in any part of Europe.
Epidemiological situation - week 44/2007: For the intensity indicator, the national network levels of influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) were low in all of the 28 countries providing these data. For the geographical spread indicator, sporadic influenza activity was reported in England, France and Scotland; the remaining 25 countries reported no activity. Definitions for the epidemiological indicators can be found here.
Cumulative epidemiological situation - 2007-2008 season (week 40-44/2007): So far this season, the consultation rates for ILI and/or ARI across the whole of Europe have been at levels usually seen outside the winter period (i.e. below the national baseline threshold).
Virological situation - week 44/2007: The total number of respiratory specimens collected by sentinel physicians in week 44/2007 was 239, of which two (0.8%) were influenza virus positive (both influenza B viruses; reported by Poland). In addition, six influenza virus detections (five A and one B) were reported from non-sentinel sources (e.g. specimens collected for diagnostic purposes in hospitals). The non-sentinel findings were reported by England (two A subtype H1), Scotland (one A not subtyped and one B), Sweden (one A not subtyped) and Switzerland (one A not subtyped).
Cumulative virological situation - 2007-2008 season (week 40-44/2007): Based on (sub)typing data of all influenza virus detections since week 40/2007 (N=47; sentinel and non-sentinel data), 11 were A (not subtyped), 13 were A(H1), six were A(H3) and 17 were B. The influenza virus detections were reported by the following countries: Denmark (2), England (9), France (8), Germany (3), Hungary (1), Ireland (1), the Netherlands (3), Poland (2), Scotland (6), Slovakia (1), Spain (4), Sweden (5) and Switzerland (2).
Based on the antigenic and/or genetic characterisation of four influenza viruses, six were A/Solomon Island/3/2006 (H1N1)-like and one was B/Florida/4/2006-like (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage) (click here).
Comment: Influenza activity in Europe remains low which is typical for this time of the year. There have been only sporadic laboratory confirmed cases of influenza since week 40/2007 and these have been reported across the whole of Europe: in Denmark, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. For the whole of Europe, out of the three influenza viruses A(H1), A(H3) and B, no one group has yet emerged as the dominant virus.
Background: The Weekly Electronic Bulletin presents and comments influenza activity in the 30 European countries that are members of EISS. In week 44/2007, 28 countries reported clinical data and 27 countries reported virological data to EISS. The spread of influenza virus strains and their epidemiological impact in Europe are being monitored by EISS in collaboration with the WHO Collaborating Centre in London (United Kingdom) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control in Stockholm (Sweden).
Other bulletins: To view national/regional bulletins in Europe and other bulletins from around the world, please click here. </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
"In the beginning of change, the patriot is a scarce man (or womanhttps://flutrackers.com/forum/core/i...ilies/wink.png), and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for it then costs nothing to be a patriot."- Mark TwainReason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. -Thomas Paine
The graphs below present virological data from Europe collected during the 2007/2008 influenza season. Click here if you would like to return to the previous page.
Countries reporting antigenic characterisations are: England [n = 5], Slovakia [n = 1]
Components of the 2007/2008 vaccine:
? an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus (Reassortant virus IVR-145 which is derived from A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 as an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006-like strain).
? an A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus (Reassortant virus IVR-142 which is derived from A/Hiroshima/52/2005 or reassortant virus NYMCX-161-B which is derived from A/Wisconsin/67/2005 as A/Wisconsin/67/2005-like strains).
? a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus (B/Malaysia/2506/2004 as a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like strain).
"In the beginning of change, the patriot is a scarce man (or womanhttps://flutrackers.com/forum/core/i...ilies/wink.png), and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for it then costs nothing to be a patriot."- Mark TwainReason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. -Thomas Paine
"In the beginning of change, the patriot is a scarce man (or womanhttps://flutrackers.com/forum/core/i...ilies/wink.png), and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for it then costs nothing to be a patriot."- Mark TwainReason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. -Thomas Paine
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=782 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD width=780 bgColor=white><TABLE><TBODY><TR><TD>I<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=782 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD align=middle width=780 bgColor=#0063c8 height=1>EISS - Weekly Electronic Bulletin</TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=#0063c8 height=1><TABLE border=0><TBODY><TR bgColor=white><TD noWrap width=254 bgColor=#0063c8>Week 9 : 25/02/2008-02/03/2008</TD><TD noWrap align=middle width=258 bgColor=#0063c8></TD><TD noWrap align=right width=254 bgColor=#0063c8>07 March 2008, Issue N? 256</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>nfluenza activity passed its peak in most European countries Summary: There is currently medium influenza activity in 15 countries in Europe. In most countries influenza activity is declining or stable. The proportion of influenza B has steadily increased since week 01/2008 and accounted for 55% of the total number of positive specimens in week 09/2008. However, cumulatively the majority of the virus detections since the start of the season (week 40/2007) (N=12156), were influenza A (72%) of which about 97% were of the H1 subtype. By 5 March 2008, A(H1N1) viruses resistant to oseltamivir have been detected in 15 countries in Europe.
Epidemiological situation - week 09/2008: Regarding the intensity indicator, the national network levels of influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) were medium in 15 countries, whilst they were low in 14 other countries that reported this indicator. For the geographical spread indicator, eight countries reported widespread activity, one country reported regional activity, six countries local activity, 13 countries sporadic activity and one country reported no influenza activity.
The majority of the countries in Europe reported decreasing or stable influenza activity. Definitions for the epidemiological indicators can be found here.
Cumulative epidemiological situation - 2007-2008 season (since week 40/2007): The first countries to report a medium intensity of influenza activity (i.e. consultations rates above the national baseline threshold) were Bulgaria (in week 48/2007), Austria and Northern Ireland (both in week 50/2007). Consultation rates were then above the baseline threshold in Spain (since week 51/2007), England, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Switzerland (all since week 01/2008), the Netherlands (since week 05/2008) and Sweden (since week 06/2008). In week 07/2008 Germany and Norway started reporting a medium intensity of influenza activity. In week 09/2008 France and Spain reported low influenza activity again.
In countries with increased levels of influenza activity, the highest consultation rates have generally been reported in the 0-4 and 5-14 age groups, however, England, Ireland, Norway and Switzerland have also reported high consultation rates in the 15-64 age group compared to the other ages.
Virological situation - week 09/2008: The total number of respiratory specimens collected by sentinel physicians in week 09/2008 was 1155, of which 367 (32%) were influenza virus positive; 64 (17%) type A not subtyped, 90 (25%) type A subtype H1 [of which 66 were A(H1N1)], five (1%) type A subtype H3N2 and 208 (57%) type B. In addition, 405 influenza virus detections were reported from non-sentinel sources (e.g. specimens collected for diagnostic purposes in hospitals), of which 131 (32%) were type A not subtyped, 53 (13%) type A subtype H1 [of which 32 were A(H1N1)], two (<1%) type A subtype H3N2 and 219 (54%) type B.
Cumulative virological situation - 2007-2008 season (since week 40/2007): Based on (sub)typing data of all influenza virus detections since week 40/2007 (N=12156; sentinel and non-sentinel data), 4709 (39%) were type A not subtyped, 3957 (33%) were A(H1), 112 (1%) were A(H3) and 3378 (28%) were B.
Based on the antigenic and/or genetic characterisation of 2815 influenza viruses, 60 were A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like, 2053 were A/Solomon Island/3/2006 (H1N1)-like, 11 were A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like, 51 were A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like, 628 were B/Florida/4/2006-like (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage) and 12 were B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) (click here).
Comment:All countries except for Denmark and Wales have reported influenza activity above the national baseline threshold this season. Only in Portugal influenza activity in week 09/2008 increased again after a previous decline, but only just over the baseline level.
The proportion of influenza B has further increased from almost 50% in week 08/2008 to 55% in week 09/2008. Despite the mis-match of the circulating influenza B viruses with the vaccine strain, it is expected that the 2007-2008 vaccine still provides valuable protection due to cross reactive antibodies induced by the vaccine. For more information on the antigenic characteristics of current viruses, and the cross reactivity induced by the present vaccine, see the WHO recommendation on the composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2008?2009 Northern Hemisphere influenza season (click here).
A number of recent A(H1N1) viruses are distinguishable from the vaccine virus in antigenic analyses. As these viruses show better antigenic match to A/Brisbane/59/2007, the WHO has recommended that an A/Brisbane/59/2007-like virus is included in the vaccine for the 2008/2009 season. As there is still significant antigenic similarity, the present vaccine is expected to provide protection against the current H1N1 viruses.
While the majority of countries in Europe reported influenza A(H1) as the dominant subtype throughout the season, the number of type B isolates exceeded the number of type A isolates in Spain since week 04/2008, in Italy since week 06/2008, in England since week 07/2008, in Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland since week 08/2008, and in Germany, Luxembourg, Portugal, Scotland and Slovakia since week 09/2008.
By 5 March 2008, A(H1N1) viruses resistant to oseltamivir have been found in 15 countries in Europe (click here for full text).
Background:The Weekly Electronic Bulletin presents and comments influenza activity in the 31 European countries that are members of EISS. In week 09/2008, 29 countries reported epidemiological data and virological data to EISS. The spread of influenza virus strains and their epidemiological impact in Europe are being monitored by EISS in collaboration with the WHO Collaborating Centre in London (United Kingdom) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control in Stockholm (Sweden).
Other bulletins: To view national/regional bulletins in Europe and other bulletins from around the world, please click here. </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=782 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=#1d92ff height=5></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=white><TABLE width=780 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>Map
The map presents the intensity of influenza activity and the geographical spread as assessed by each of the networks in EISS.
Clicking on the map will, if available, take you through to the national web site. If 'regional' activity is reported, a pop-up text box will appear which describes the activity in greater detail.
Clicking on England and France will provide you with regional data.
</TD><TD></TD><TD vAlign=top>Low = no influenza activity or influenza at baseline levels Medium = usual levels of influenza activity High = higher than usual levels of influenza activity Very high = particularly severe levels of influenza activity
No activity = no evidence of influenza virus activity (clinical activity remains at baseline levels) Sporadic = isolated cases of laboratory confirmed influenza infection Local outbreak = increased influenza activity in local areas (e.g. a city) within a region,
or outbreaks in two or more institutions (e.g. schools) within a region. Laboratory confirmed. Regional activity = influenza activity above baseline levels in one or more regions with
a population comprising less than 50% of the country's total population. Laboratory confirmed. Widespread = influenza activity above baseline levels in one or more regions with a population
comprising 50% or more of the country's population. Laboratory confirmed.
Finland : Where available, the epidemiological data are provided by a health-care district in
South-Western Finland (the health-care district serves 54,000 inhabitants i.e. approximately one
percent of the Finnish population). </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=782 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=#1d92ff height=5></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=white><TABLE><TBODY><TR><TD>Network comments (where available)
<TABLE><TBODY><TR><TD width=20> </TD><TD width=700>Italy
Influenza B virus detections are prevalent and similar to those reported last week, whereas A virus detections are still decreasing. Norway
We now observe declining numbers of both A(H1N1) and B viruses following an apparent peak in week 8. Switzerland
Influenza activity decreased again. Influenza B viruses became predominant in the country. </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=782 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=#1d92ff height=5></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD></TR><TR><TD width=1 bgColor=black height=1></TD><TD width=780 bgColor=white><TABLE width=780><TBODY><TR><TD>Table and graphs (where available)
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