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  • #16
    Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

    Thank you Michael for an inspiring essay and call to action.

    As Michael mentioned above Neighborhood Watch programs are common in the United States and are easy to manage.

    This framework is already in place nationwide and can be utilized to organize neighbors, family, friends, associates. This platform can be used to present materials on pandemic influenza and recruit others to help you. This group could serve, not only as a planning tool, but also act as a implementation group during a disaster for medical, food, water, and information in an emergency.

    It is easy to start a Neighborhood Watch program.

    Step One: Call local police department and ask for either Neighborhood Watch officer or Community Service officer.

    Step Two: Do an informal canvassing of your neighborhood to see how many are interested. My police department requires that 51% of the selected area desire a Neighborhood Watch program. This canvass is informal and no petition is required.

    Step Three: Schedule the first meeting. At this meeting the Neighborhood Watch officer will come and make a presentation with literature and a video. The Neighborhood Watch Captain is selected from among those present.

    The requirements for my area are that there is one meeting held each year and that the Captain distribute a quarterly Neighborhood Watch newsletter that is prepared by the police department. Adopt an emergency worker or health care worker and include him/her in the group.

    National Crime Prevention Council Neighborhood Watch link: http://www.ncpc.org/Topics/Neighborhood_Watch/index.php

    Red Cross link: http://www.redcross.org/

    Or.. gather 10 persons from among your family, friends, neighbors and start a group of Disaster Partners. Determine each person's skill and assign responsibilities in the event of any kind of disaster. The strength of this partnership would allow for buying at a group discount, co-mingling of resources, and provide for mutual assistance and support during any kind of unfortunate event. A emergency or health care worker would be an invaluable addition to such a group.

    This concept would work in all countries. It is neighbor helping neighbor. Friend helping friend. Man helping his fellow man.

    It is the collective effort of the community that succeeds. It is a privilege to be able to participate. These group efforts could result in lessening the suffering of millions. It is the civil society that can empower and activate the efforts necessary to survive and even thrive in an era of disruption.

    From the WHO web site:<o:p></o:p>
    <o:p></o:p>
    “…While it is impossible to predict with accuracy when a pandemic might occur or its exact impact, the potential for widespread human infection – accompanied by severe illness and death – cannot be dismissed. An avian influenza pandemic also would cause catastrophic social and economic disruption. In fact, a pandemic is more than a health crisis; it is a challenge that must be met by all sectors of society. <o:p></o:p>Preparation can mitigate the direct health, social and economic impacts of a pandemic. WHO recommends that each country and area have in place a pandemic preparedness plan. The planning process should involve a broad spectrum of government ministries and agencies, as well as civil society. WHO has the responsibility to assist its Member States in developing their preparedness plans. …”<o:p></o:p>
    <o:p></o:p>
    We are the “civil society”.

    Each of us, in a collective global volunteer effort on the internet, has joined together to form one community to help our fellow man. The vision, the enthusiasm, and the perseverance lies in each of us until we call it forward and speak with one voice – the voice of the humanitarian spirit.

    If not us - who? If not now - when?


    “In a gentle way, you can shake the world.”

    Mohandas Ghandi

    Comment


    • #17
      Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

      Link to above: http://blog.pandemicflu.gov/?p=28#comment-785

      Comment


      • #18
        The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

        First post of Sec. Leavitt


        Message from the Secretary

        In the fall of 2005, the President mobilized the Nation to prepare for a pandemic. In response, I traveled to almost every state and territory to hold planning summits. At every level of government, plans were developed and resources were allocated. Today, we are better prepared, but there is still much to do.
        There is the danger that as avian flu slips from the head lines, people will believe the threat is no longer real. While the media buzz may have died down, the H5N1 virus has not. The disease is highly pathogenic, and it continues to spread. While we cannot be certain H5N1 will spark a pandemic, we can be sure that pandemics happen. They have happened in the past and they will happen in the future.
        Preparedness is a shared responsibility and must involve every level of government, every business, every church, every civic organization, every family and every individual. And leaders from every sector have a role to play in communicating the critical need for preparedness at home, within the workplace and in our communities.
        On June 13, I am convening a leadership forum in Washington, DC on pandemic preparedness. This interactive forum will bring together highly influential leaders from the business, faith, civic and healthcare sectors to participate in dynamic discussions to help Americans become more prepared for a possible influenza pandemic.
        In order to extend the value of this one-day conference, the Department of Health and Human Services is also hosting this blog summit as part of an ongoing effort by the Department to help Americans become more prepared. While the comments made on this blog may not always represent the views of the Department of Health and Human Services, we think there is value is having an open dialogue about this very important issue.
        Government alone can?t prepare the nation for a pandemic. This challenge requires your leadership. We have an opportunity to become the first generation in history to be prepared for a pandemic. Let?s continue to work toward that goal.
        Michael O. Leavitt
        Secretary
        The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

        Comment


        • #19
          Sec Leavitt 2nd post

          When You’re Preparing For a Pandemic There’s a Lesson Every Day



          This is the first time we have used a blog for this type of discussion and the response has been helpful. In reading comments I am stuck by the thoughtfulness of the entries. We have only been online for a little over a week and already more than 6,000 unique visitors have participated. People seem to be spending a fair amount of time on the blog once they get here so there is reason to be optimistic. We will learn as we go but I expect we will continue to expand this kind of discourse at HHS.
          A couple of contemporary thoughts. This morning I attended a meeting reviewing preparation for the upcoming Hurricane season. Two things stuck me. First, how different a pandemic is to manage as an emergency than a hurricane. Hurricanes strike, do their damage and we immediately move to recovery. Not so with a pandemic. The second difference was portrayed clearly as we discussed the availability of resources that could be moved from one state to another. In a pandemic it would not be possible to depend heavily on outside resources because the entire country would be engulfed. If a community had not yet been effected, they would be preparing for the inevitable. It emphasized how local the management has to be.
          The second thought-provoking item has been the quarantined TB patient in the news who reentered the United States. I’ve been asking myself the question: what lessons should we be learning from this incident that will help us in better pandemic preparedness? Any thoughts on this?
          Posted June 1, 2007 at 3:08 pm in Message from the Secretary

          Comment


          • #20
            Sec. Leavitt 3rd post

            Preparedness must be Ethic Not an Episode





            A prominent news editor recently told a friend of mine he thought pandemic influenza was the most overrated story of 2006. While those of you interested enough to read this blog know the reality, once the discussion left the news, most people think the threat has passed, end of story.
            When preparing the public for a pandemic, leaders struggle with a constant dilemma. Everything they say before a pandemic starts sounds alarmist. However, once a pandemic starts—no matter how much has been done, preparation will seem inadequate.
            The threat of a pandemic has not subsided nor will it ever. While the H5N1 virus is very much a threat today, if it runs its course and does not achieve pandemic status, there will be another. Pandemics happen. They have and will occur in every century. Our preparation needs to be for pandemics generally, not a virus specific approach.
            Inevitable, for every actual disaster there will be several we monitor closely and gear up for in caution. To keep from “appearing alarmist,” in our concern about pandemics we need to emphasis all hazards readiness and the general need for personal, corporate and general community preparedness.
            We need to constantly make the point that when we prepare for pandemics, it makes us a safer and healthier nation. The new vaccine technologies we are developing will make it possible for every American who chooses to have an annual flu shot. The surge capacity we develop would be critical in a hurricane. The lessons we learn in distribution of medication could save lives in a bioterrorism incident.
            The role of leaders is to make emergency preparation an ethic not an episode. It is the only way our message can be credible and sustainable.
            Posted June 3, 2007 at 10:40 am in Message from the Secretary

            Comment


            • #21
              Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

              I agree with Secretary Levitt. We must prepare for all disasters. Epidemics and pandemics are only part of the mosaic of infectious diseases and other disasters that are now upon us. According to Dr. Greger, director of Public Health for the Humane Society of the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:country-region><st1:place>United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>, we are now in a period of ?emerging diseases?. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
              <o:p> </o:p>
              Many diseases present a threat to humanity, not pandemic influenza alone. We need a multi-facted approach that considers this mosaic of emerging disease. On FluTrackers we investigate many different disease threats in our Emerging Disease forum.<o:p></o:p>
              <o:p> </o:p>
              Just for the month of May FluTrackers received over 30,000 unique visits from 134 different countries. Most of the members are public health officers, researchers, and experts who share data and updates. This validates the interest and importance of planning and preparing for emerging diseases and all kinds of disasters.<o:p></o:p>
              <o:p> </o:p>
              As President of FluTrackers I am in regular contact internationally with many public health entities and it is my concern that we provide security for those who serve. It is imperative to assist those individuals and institutions who support and maintain society?s safety net. Individual and family imperatives, psychological support, financial considerations, physical safety, and legal ramifications must be implemented for each person and institution who serves during an emergency situation.<o:p></o:p>
              <o:p> </o:p>
              The requirements of a civil society demand that we protect those who protect us: Nurses, Doctors, Police, Firepersons, EMTs, Military, Public Health Care Workers, and all others who sacrifice must have the tools and support necessary to be efficient and safe. <o:p></o:p>
              <o:p> </o:p>
              "Where your talents and the needs of the world cross, lies your calling." <o:p></o:p>
              Aristotle

              ?In a gentle way, you can shake the world.?
              Mohandas Ghandi
              <o:p></o:p>
              <o:p> </o:p>

              <o:p> http://blog.pandemicflu.gov/?p=33#comments</o:p>
              <o:p></o:p>

              Comment


              • #22
                Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                Stockpiling: No Single Approach

                In reviewing the blog postings I note there are many questions about personal and family stockpiles. These questions include: Should I stockpile food, water, medications? How long should a stockpile be designed to last? What are the Government’s recommendations for personal and family stockpiles?

                There can be no single approach to family and personal stockpiling that is perfect for everyone.
                Each family and individual must analyze their unique situation and needs and design a stockpile that works for them.

                Below I offer some simple advice that should help strengthen your family and individual pandemic preparedness plan with regards to stockpiling, but before I begin let me lay out some important overarching preparedness principles not specific to a pandemic:

                1. Preparedness should not be aimed exclusively at one hazard or the other.

                A stockpile should be able to support its owner through a pandemic, a hurricane, a blizzard, an earthquake….or any other circumstance that might require the owner to be self sufficient for a period of time until outside support can be reestablished. A good preparedness plan is one designed to be useful in all sorts of emergencies.

                2. For a family or individual to be prepared, they must have planned and practiced the ability to be self sufficient for the period of time it might take to get outside assistance in an emergency.

                3. One should be aware that the resources of a stockpile may need to be used at home, in a shelter or on the road during an evacuation.

                4. Given that the main purpose of a stockpile is really to allow the owner the time needed to reconnect to support from the outside world, it does not need to be aimed at assuring self sufficiency for prolonged periods of time.

                Even in the most extreme emergency circumstances the need for prolonged periods of self-sufficiency is very unlikely. This is because in most emergencies, help is likely to arrive within days not weeks even if delayed. In rare situations where help cannot be expected immediately, evacuation to more supportive settings or the identification of alternative sources of support locally can usually be achieved within days of an emergency event.

                Pandemics offer a unique challenge because they ultimately affect every community. Additionally, at the height of a severe pandemic there may well be nationwide disruptions in the production and distribution of certain services and goods.

                Fortunately, unlike an earthquake that strikes suddenly or a blizzard that whips up over the course of 48 hours, in a pandemic there will likely be some advanced warning. Even in the most severe pandemics we can expect at least a month or two between the identification of initial pandemic cases (and warning of the public) before the numbers of cases begin to result in disruptions to services and supplies.

                In mild pandemics there may well be no disruptions. It is also important to note that even where there are disruptions in services and supplies, they are likely to be temporary and sporadic. They will not occur in every community simultaneously, nor will they affect all goods or services at the same time or to the same extent.

                Home quarantines for those exposed and home isolation for the sick are situations in which a person might need to avoid any contact with the outside world requiring a period of self sufficiency.

                Rarely will these periods extend beyond 10 to 14 days. After that period of time most people will be non-infectious because they have either recovered fully or have been shown not to have been infected by an exposure.

                Every family should conduct an inventory of their needs and dependencies. The stockpile for a family with a bottle fed infant will be very different from the stockpile needed to support an elderly couple with chronic illness.

                It is important to list those services, goods and medications for which your family is particularly reliant on outside sources.

                Home oxygen supplies, medications and special diets might all experience disruptions in availability during a severe pandemic. Stockpiles can be accumulated in small increments over time. As the stockpiles ages the oldest items in the home stockpile can be used and replaced with newer items before they expire.

                The American Public Health Association advises that every family should have at least a three day home stockpile of food water and medication. This basic stockpile would likely be able to support a family through the most commonly seen emergencies.

                The US Department of Health and Human Services has advised that during a pandemic, families might need as much as two weeks worth of supplies in their stockpile.

                This size stockpile would be sufficient to support a family through a home quarantine and through the peak of an outbreak in their community during which sporadic temporary disruptions in availability of some products and services may occur.

                It is important to note that the size of any given home stockpile might need to be larger for families that live in more rural areas served by relatively fewer sources of those essential needs identified for a family’s stockpile.

                For example: A family with only one source of prescription medication within a 100 mile radius should probably maintain on hand a longer supply of that medication than an individual with four different sources within one mile of their home.

                For individuals living abroad, stockpiles designed to last months may be necessary.

                Depending on where exactly around the world you live, disruptions in availability of supplies might be more severe than in the US due to inherent weaknesses in distribution systems and relatively poor preparedness systems. Access to outside support and aide might be more delayed than it will be for individuals living in the US and the ability to return home may be temporarily disrupted as a result of a pandemic or other emergency.

                Posted June 6, 2007 at 3:48 pm in Week 3: Getting the Job Done

                Emphasis are from me Snowy
                Last edited by Snowy Owl; June 6, 2007, 07:41 PM. Reason: Emphasis in Bold, SO

                Comment


                • #23
                  Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                  SusanC Says: Mr Secretary,
                  I have applauded your efforts in initiating this blog, and I continue to think that it is an improvement from when there was no direct communication between the government and the public. Over the last few days, particularly over the last 24 hours, I have sadly come to the conclusion that I can no longer participate in this process in its current form.

                  Just over a year ago, it was my honor to be invited to join the team of visionaries who started the Flu Wiki. Since the beginning of its conception, we’ve had 2.7 million unique visits and 13 million page views in all our servers combined. I’ve met a large number of talented, innovative, concerned, and dedicated people from around the world, but particularly ordinary American citizens, who have participated tirelessly in this effort and contributed to the vast resource now available to anyone who has internet access. It is not perfect; I am absolutely certain there are many mistakes to be rectified and improvements to be made. But many, including officials from national and international bodies, have told us how much they have benefited from the contributions of this wonderful group of selfless and dedicated individuals.

                  In the course of the last 18 months, I have also participated in numerous scientific and policy forums in different countries all over the world. I have personally invested an enormous amount of time and energy and expense to keep myself informed in as many ways as possible and to the deepest level of complexity that my intellect and resources allow, about all the ramifications of influenza science and pandemic mitigation policy. I have a good track record of advocating moderation and working with official institutions. I have defended, sometimes at great personal cost, the actions of governments and public bodies such as the WHO. I do that because I understand that it is easy to point fingers when you are not in the hot seat. I make allowances as best I can for policymakers who have many complex constraints of which we can have no more than the occasional glimpse.

                  I believed, and I still believe, that, compared to other countries, the US government is open, proactive, and embodies excellence and leadership in many aspects of science and policymaking in the context of pandemic planning. I am forever grateful to those who did not think my being a foreign national or not holding any official affiliations was a barrier to participation and contribution in this universal humanitarian endeavor of trying to save as many lives as we possibly can in the next pandemic.

                  In October of 2006, I had the honor of being invited to make a presentation at your National Academies on the subject of Citizen Engagement in Emergency Planning for a Flu Pandemic. The title that I chose for my presentation was “Who Will Tell the People?”, because I saw a huge gap between the knowledge that is available and the ignorance of the public.

                  In the Paris Anti-Avian Influenza 2007 Conference last week, Professor Albert Osterhaus of Erasmus University in the Netherlands and a member of the WHO Pandemic Task Force, spoke movingly from the podium of the need to make sure what knowledge there is is disseminated and used to save lives. He spoke of the tragedy of the Indian Ocean tsunami, when the technology was in place and the information was available which, if there had been a mechanism and the political will to disseminate it in time, would have saved untold numbers of lives.

                  In my National Academies talk, one of the slides I made, and which I posted recently on our forum, points out the importance of true two-way communication, where both sides give and receive information on an equal basis. I respect that communications between officials and the public can never be truly equal to the extent that there are severe constraints as to what officials can speak about in public. I do believe, however, that one can speak as equals in spirit without divulging information inappropriately. I know it is possible because I have personally done that with officials from different agencies and from different countries in a variety of contexts.
                  That is not what is happening on this blog.

                  Mr Secretary, with all respect, I believe your experiment is in danger of descending into a farce, if it hasn’t done so already. I am sure you initiated this with the best of intentions. Many, including myself, have been participating with all the goodwill we can muster. We have received nothing in return that tells us the government is truly listening and carrying out a respectful dialogue with the public.

                  I am, therefore, signifying my objection to the spirit with which this has been conducted by refraining from posting here. This decision is entirely my own, and does not reflect on any other contributor directly or indirectly connected with Flu Wiki. My comments will, as always, be posted at the Flu Wiki forum, at which you and your colleagues at the HHS, are heartily welcome, along with every member of the public. We have no hierarchy there; we respect neither rank nor name nor credentials, only open and sincere discourse backed by credible and verifiable sources of information.

                  Finally, I apologize most sincerely to other contributors of this blog. There have been many great contributions for which I wish to make a belated effort at expressing my appreciation. I will continue to read and learn from all of you. I have no doubt that much will be achieved by this endeavor.
                  I continue to support and applaud everyone who wishes to make this country and the world more informed and more prepared, including the many tireless colleagues at the HHS, and I wish you every success in your work.

                  Yours sincerely,

                  Susan Chu MD
                  Editor
                  Flu Wiki

                  Posted June 7th, 2007 at 9:26 am
                  Last edited by Sally Furniss; June 7, 2007, 11:57 PM.

                  Comment


                  • #24
                    Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                    Dr. Chu makes reference to the recent conference in Paris and a presentation by Dr. Osterhaus. (14:20 - Haemagglutinin mutations and binding of H5N1 to human-types receptors: one more step to the pandemic?
                    Pr Albert Osterhaus, National Influenza Centre and Department of Virology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) Is this presentation available for review.

                    Comment


                    • #25
                      Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                      Originally posted by JohnW View Post
                      Dr. Chu makes reference to the recent conference in Paris and a presentation by Dr. Osterhaus. (14:20 - Haemagglutinin mutations and binding of H5N1 to human-types receptors: one more step to the pandemic?
                      Pr Albert Osterhaus, National Influenza Centre and Department of Virology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) Is this presentation available for review.
                      Not that I have seen, unfortunately.

                      Here's the website for the conference:


                      And, here is a list of the presentations:


                      It does say somewhere on the site that a book of the abstracts is (was) to be published. I don't know if that has happened already and/or what the availability of that book is/will be.
                      ...when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. - Sherlock Holmes

                      Comment


                      • #26
                        Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                        Originally posted by JohnW View Post
                        Dr. Chu makes reference to the recent conference in Paris and a presentation by Dr. Osterhaus. (14:20 - Haemagglutinin mutations and binding of H5N1 to human-types receptors: one more step to the pandemic?
                        Pr Albert Osterhaus, National Influenza Centre and Department of Virology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) Is this presentation available for review.
                        I send an email to his office.

                        Comment


                        • #27
                          Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                          Thanks Dutchy.

                          Comment


                          • #28
                            Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                            Osterhous links:

                            "Albert Osterhaus, of Erasmus University in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, also warned that as well as passing H5N1 to other species, cats may help the virus to adapt into a more highly infectious strain in humans which could spark a pandemic.

                            "We have to take a number of precautionary measures," said Osterhaus, a virologist and veterinarian.

                            "We need to keep in mind that mammals can be infected and that they can spread the disease, in principle."





                            "With our current limited knowledge on highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds, there is no solid basis for including wild birds in control strategies beyond the physical separation of poultry from wild birds," Ron Fouchier and Albert Osterhaus of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam and a team of colleagues wrote in a report published in the journal Science.






                            Albert Osterhaus of the Erasmus medical centre in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, said: "We think the most likely explanation is that it came by migratory birds, but we can't exclude the other possibilities."




                            also:

                            Influenza Virus Type A Serosurvey in Cats

                            Recent reports of cats positive for H5N1 type A influenza virus (1) raised the hypothesis that cats might have an epidemiologic role in this disease. Experimental findings seem to support this hypothesis. Experimentally infected cats might act as aberrant hosts (as do humans and other mammals), with symptoms and lesions developing and the virus subsequently spreading to other cats (2,3). The experimental conditions under which this occurs, however, can rarely be observed for domestic or wild cats. No spontaneous cases of transmission from cat to cat or cat to mammal have been reported, and scientifically validated reports about spontaneous disease in cats are rare (4–6). Reports about cats with circulating influenza virus antibodies are even more rare and occur in unusual epidemiologic situations (7). The true susceptibility of cats to type A influenza viruses in field conditions thus remains to be elucidated.

                            Last edited by sharon sanders; June 8, 2007, 08:14 AM.

                            Comment


                            • #29
                              Re: The National Pandemic Preparedness Blog Summit

                              Nature 444, 378-382 (16 November 2006) | <abbr title="Digital Object Identifier" minmax_bound="true">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature05264; Received 20 August 2006; Accepted 21 September 2006
                              Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors

                              Shinya Yamada<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3</sup>, Yasuo Suzuki<sup minmax_bound="true">3,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">4</sup>, Takashi Suzuki<sup minmax_bound="true">3,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">5</sup>, Mai Q. Le<sup minmax_bound="true">6</sup>, Chairul A. Nidom<sup minmax_bound="true">7</sup>, Yuko Sakai-Tagawa<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3</sup>, Yukiko Muramoto<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3</sup>, Mutsumi Ito<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3</sup>, Maki Kiso<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3</sup>, Taisuke Horimoto<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3</sup>, Kyoko Shinya<sup minmax_bound="true">8</sup>, Toshihiko Sawada<sup minmax_bound="true">9</sup>, Makoto Kiso<sup minmax_bound="true">9</sup>, Taiichi Usui<sup minmax_bound="true">10</sup>, Takeomi Murata<sup minmax_bound="true">10</sup>, Yipu Lin<sup minmax_bound="true">11</sup>, Alan Hay<sup minmax_bound="true">11</sup>, Lesley F. Haire<sup minmax_bound="true">11</sup>, David J. Stevens<sup minmax_bound="true">11</sup>, Rupert J. Russell<sup minmax_bound="true">11,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">13</sup>, Steven J. Gamblin<sup minmax_bound="true">11</sup>, John J. Skehel<sup minmax_bound="true">11</sup> and Yoshihiro Kawaoka<sup minmax_bound="true">1,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">2,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">3,</sup><sup minmax_bound="true">12</sup>
                              Top of page Abstract

                              H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread to numerous countries in Asia, Europe and Africa, infecting not only large numbers of poultry, but also an increasing number of humans, often with lethal effects<sup minmax_bound="true">1, </sup><sup minmax_bound="true">2</sup>. Human and avian influenza A viruses differ in their recognition of host cell receptors: the former preferentially recognize receptors with saccharides terminating in sialic acid-2,6-galactose (SA2,6Gal), whereas the latter prefer those ending in SA2,3Gal (refs 3–6). A conversion from SA2,3Gal to SA2,6Gal recognition is thought to be one of the changes that must occur before avian influenza viruses can replicate efficiently in humans and acquire the potential to cause a pandemic. By identifying mutations in the receptor-binding haemagglutinin (HA) molecule that would enable avian H5N1 viruses to recognize human-type host cell receptors, it may be possible to predict (and thus to increase preparedness for) the emergence of pandemic viruses. Here we show that some H5N1 viruses isolated from humans can bind to both human and avian receptors, in contrast to those isolated from chickens and ducks, which recognize the avian receptors exclusively. Mutations at positions 182 and 192 independently convert the HAs of H5N1 viruses known to recognize the avian receptor to ones that recognize the human receptor. Analysis of the crystal structure of the HA from an H5N1 virus used in our genetic experiments shows that the locations of these amino acids in the HA molecule are compatible with an effect on receptor binding. The amino acid changes that we identify might serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of H5N1 field isolates.....

                              Continued here:

                              Comment


                              • #30
                                Sad Tide

                                I am saddened to see that several other "flubies" are now following the lead of Susan Chu (SusanC) M.D., Editor of Flu Wiki, and are abandoning the HHS blog project.

                                While it is certainly not a perfect internet forum, which amongst is?

                                Isn't it our collective effort throughout the "bird flu" forums and blogs to help lessen morbidity and mortality in a pandemic?

                                Isn't it worth our time and effort to help any institution that would like to join this internet experiment in mass public health delivery?

                                What if only one family logs onto that forum, and for the first time, sees the issues from our experienced points of view? This one family is worth educating. They will spread the information exponentially.

                                It is very interesting to view the different forums and blogs. Each has its own personality. This is a very rich and fertile plain upon which a platform of pandemic issues are expressed.

                                The HHS blog increases the awareness of the issues. We need to teach by our example, our patience, and by our nobleness.

                                What if this experiment by the HHS results in a better blog effort next time? Maybe one for TB? AIDS? SIDS?

                                Do we not want to change our government to be more responsive, more approachable, and more compassionate?

                                Let us show them the way to effective participatory mass communication. They do not know how.

                                We do.

                                Comment

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