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Aedes Mosquitos - Vectors for: Dengue fever and yellow fever

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  • Aedes Mosquitos - Vectors for: Dengue fever and yellow fever



    <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" width="100%"><tbody><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td colspan="2">Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopticus

    </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="26%"> Vectors for:

    </td> <td width="74%">Dengue fever and yellow fever</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="26%"> Life cycle
    and behavior


    </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="74%"> Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopticus are respectively the primary and secondary vectors for dengue fever. Ae. aegypti is the most important vector in the tropics and subtropical regions such as the southern United States. Ae. albopictus, noted by its striped legs and white eyes, is a major vector in Asia, especially in Japan, but it is being spread world wide as eggs are being carried in the ballast water of merchant ships. Species of Aedes spread far into temperate climatic areas and even into the Arctic.
    Eggs of these mosquitoes, typically for culicines, are laid singly or in rafts and although they may stick to the surface, they may sink if the water is disturbed. Aedes prefers clean water for the development of the larvae and in tropical areas they will develop in water pots and tanks on roofs and in rain butts. Treatment of these habitats, even with safe insecticides, is often opposed as they are the only source of potable water. They also propagate in places such as unnoticed pools in discarded tires.
    Disease is spread by females. Males do not bite. The females take blood meals that are used to support the development of eggs. Aedes is described as anthropophagic because it prefers to take its meals from humans. Dengue fever is primarily a disease of man for this reason, but yellow fever in its native environment is spread between humans and monkeys because mosquitoes that feed on carrier monkeys that live in jungle canopies can transmit the virus to humans through intermediate hosts. Aedes aegypti feeds throughout the day with peaks of activity at mid-morning and late afternoon.
    Feeding is described as endophagic because the mosquito prefers to feed in and around structures and the mosquito then rests in cool damp spots within structures while the meal is digested (endophilic behavior). A blood meal takes 2-7 days to digest and 1-3 meals are needed to complete development of clutch of eggs. Transmission between humans comes from repeated biting when the mosquito injects saliva that acts as an anticoagulant.
    </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Aedes aegypti taking a blood meal from a human. </td> <td>A female Aedes aegypti feeding on a human (Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library).</td></tr></tbody></table>

  • #2
    Re: Aedes Mosquitos - Vectors for: Dengue fever and yellow fever



    Prevent Aedes Mosquito Breeding In Your Homes <hr color="gray" size="1"> Press Release 1 With the school holidays now on, many families will be going, either on overseas holidays, or to chalets or bungalows, leaving their homes unattended for a few days. Often, many forget to take simple precautions to prevent breeding of mosquitoes in their homes. The Ministry of the Environment (ENV) would thus like to remind householders to cover all water containers, gully traps and toilet bowls; empty water in vases; make sure drains and gutters are cleared and keep all items under shelter before they go on vacation. This will help prevent Aedes mosquito from breeding in homes and spreading dengue fever.
    2 The other common places where breedings are often detected are: flower-pot plates, flower vases, earthen jars for landscape or decorative purposes, and pails left lying around. Some plants are also natural containers for water whenever there is rain. In addition, potted plants with hardened soil can also collect water on the surface of the soil and the Aedes can breed in it. For these breeding habitats, they can apply granular insecticides, which can be purchased from most nurseries.
    3 Anything that can contain water that is left or discarded in the open should be associated with the breeding of mosquitoes and the possibility of dengue fever. The public can contact the ENV Call Centre at tel no: 1800-731 9222, if they have difficulties buying the insecticide.
    4 ENV will continue to work closely with town council estate managers, schools' operations managers and other agencies to improve the vector control programmes. Dengue fever can be kept down if we can control the Aedes mosquito population.
    5 Currently, the weekly dengue incidence stands at an average of 31 cases this year, compared to 100 cases per week during the epidemic years of 1997-98.
    Ministry of the Environment News Release
    News Release no: 80/2001
    News Release Date: 7 June 2001

    Comment


    • #3
      Dengue Prevention Checklist



      Dengue Prevention Checklist <hr color="gray" size="1"> To prevent the spread of dengue fever, you must first prevent the breeding of its carrier, the Aedes mosquitoes. The Aedes mosquito is easily identifiable by its distinctive black and white stripes on their body. It prefers to breed in clean, stagnant water, easily found in our homes. You can get rid of the Aedes mosquito by frequently checking and removing stagnant water in your premises. <o:p></o:p>
      <o:p> </o:p>
      The guidelines below will give you an overview of how you can prevent the Aedes mosquito from breeding. <o:p></o:p>

      For residents in HDB and condominiums
      For residents in landed homes<o:p> </o:p>
      <o:p>Dengue Prevention slides</o:p>

      <table style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 442.8pt;" width="738"> At all times<o:p> </o:p><o:p></o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Turn pails and watering cans over and store them under shelter.<o:p> </o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Remove water in plant pot plates. Clean and scrub the plate thoroughly to remove mosquito eggs. Avoid the use of plant pot plates, if possible. <o:p></o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Loosen soil from potted plants to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water on the surface of the hardened soil. <o:p></o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Do not block the flow of water in scupper drains along common corridors in HDB estates. Avoid placing potted plants and other paraphernalia over the scupper drains.<o:p> </o:p>
      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Cover rarely used gully traps. Replace the gully trap with non-perforated ones and install anti-mosquito valves. <o:p></o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Cover bamboo pole holders after use. Rainwater can potentially accumulate in these bamboo pole holders if they are uncovered and create a habitat.<o:p> </o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v No tray or receptacles should be placed beneath and or/ on top of any air-conditioning unit so as not to create a condition favourable for mosquito breeding.

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> Every other day<o:p> </o:p><o:p></o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Change water in flower vases. Clean and scrub the inner sides of vases. Wash roots of flowers and plants thoroughly as mosquito eggs can stick to them easily. <o:p></o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> Once a week<o:p> </o:p><o:p></o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Clear fallen leaves and stagnant water in your scupper drains and garden. These leaves could collect water or cause chokages to the drains thus resulting in the buildup of stagnant water.

      v Clear any stagnant water in your air cooler unit.



      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> Once a month<o:p> </o:p><o:p></o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Add prescribed amounts of sand granular insecticide into vases, gully traps and roof gutters, even if they are dry. You can see the list of retailers who carry sand granular insecticides in their stores at this webpage: http://www.nea.gov.sg/aedes/insecticides<o:p> </o:p>

      <o:p> </o:p>

      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 442.8pt;" valign="top" width="738"> v Clear away fallen leaves in roof gutters and apron drains. If structurally feasible, remove the roof gutters.

      </td></tr></tbody></table>

      Comment


      • #4
        Re: Dengue Prevention Checklist

        An intensive list of insecticide retailers around Singapore.

        Comment


        • #5
          Re: Aedes Mosquitos - Vectors for: Dengue fever and yellow fever

          Hi. Does anyone know the name/contact details for leading entomologists specialising in Aedes mosquitoes and MDs with expertise in mosquito-borne diseases (dengue, chikungunya, rift valley fever, etc)? Thanks. Kenny

          Comment


          • #6
            Re: Aedes Mosquitos - Vectors for: Dengue fever and yellow fever

            Originally posted by KBD View Post
            Hi. Does anyone know the name/contact details for leading entomologists specialising in Aedes mosquitoes and MDs with expertise in mosquito-borne diseases (dengue, chikungunya, rift valley fever, etc)? Thanks. Kenny
            I found this list of experts who were part of a panel in Singapore:

            <table style="width: 100%;" class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <table style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt;"> This is the html version of the file http://www.moh.gov.sg/cmaweb/attachm...e_7_Oct_05.pdf.
            G o o g l e automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
            To link to or bookmark this page, use the following url: http://www.google.com/search?q=cache...lnk&cd=1&gl=us
            Google is neither affiliated with the authors of this page nor responsible for its content.
            </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 7.5pt;"> <table style="" class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0in;"> These search terms have been highlighted:
            </td> <td style="padding: 0in; background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> specialize
            </td> <td style="padding: 0in; background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> aedes
            </td> <td style="padding: 0in; background: rgb(255, 153, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> mosquito
            </td> </tr> </tbody></table> These terms only appear in links pointing to this page: entomologists
            </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o:p></o:p>
            </td> </tr> </tbody></table>
            <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%">
            <table style="width: 100%;" class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt; background: rgb(238, 238, 238) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> Page 1
            </td> </tr> </tbody></table> REPORT OF THE EXPERT PANEL ON DENGUE
            INTRODUCTION
            The Expert Panel comprising local and international experts was formed on 14 Sep
            2005 to undertake an independent review of the present dengue situation and to
            advise the government of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region> on additional prevention and control measures.
            The panel has looked into the epidemiological features of the current outbreak,
            conducted field trips to observe dengue control operations and reviewed the national
            framework for dengue control. This report examines the dengue control programme
            in the light of the recent recrudescence of the disease, and presents a summary of
            key findings and recommendations to remedy the present problem. The objective of
            the review is to facilitate a quantum leap improvement in the disease situation.
            Scope of the report
            Chapter 1 Background on the disease
            Chapter 2 Epidemiology of dengue in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region>
            Chapter 3 Dengue control operations in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region>
            Chapter 4 Critique of present situation and strategies in dengue control
            Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations
            Appendix Terms of reference and composition of the Expert Panel
            Professor Chee Yam Cheng
            Chairman
            Expert Panel on Dengue
            7 Oct 2005

            ***snipped***
            <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%">
            Appendix
            TERMS OF REFERENCE <st1:stockticker w:st="on">AND</st1:stockticker> COMPOSITION OF THE EXPERT PANEL
            TERMS OF REFERENCE
            1
            Review the current dengue situation in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region> and identify possible
            causes for the resurgence
            2
            Identify gaps in dengue surveillance and control
            3
            Recommend operational research to address the gaps identified
            4
            Recommend short-term and long-term cost-effective strategies in the
            prevention and control of dengue
            COMPOSITION
            Members of the Expert Panel are:
            ? Dr Chee Yam Cheng, Clinical Professor and Assistant Chief Executive Officer,
            National Healthcare Group - Chairman
            ? Dr Helen Oh, Senior Consultant in Communicable Diseases, Dept of Medicine,
            <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Changi</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Hospital</st1:placetype></st1:place>
            ? Dr Duane Gubler, Professor of Tropical Diseases, Director of the Asia-Pacific
            Institute for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, and Chair of the Dept
            of Tropical Medicine and Medical Microbiology, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Hawaii</st1:placename></st1:place> at Manoa,
            <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>
            ? Dr Paul Reiter, Professor of Entomology, Insects and Infectious Diseases Unit,
            Pasteur Institute, France
            ? Dr Eduardo Massad, Professor of Medical Informatics, University of Sao
            Paulo <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">School of Medicine</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Brazil</st1:country-region></st1:place>
            ? Dr Goh Kee Tai, Clinical Associate Professor and Senior Consultant in
            Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health - Secretary
            ? Dr Ng Lee Ching, Head of Environmental Health Institute, National
            Environment Agency ? Asst Secretary
            Secretariat to the Expert Panel are:
            ? Dr Steven Ooi Peng Lim, Associate Professor and Deputy Director (Disease
            Control), Ministry of Health - Rapporteur
            ? Mr Han Hwi Kwang, Health Officer (Vector Borne Diseases), Ministry of
            Health
            ? Dr Noorul Fatha, Medical Officer (Communicable Diseases), Ministry of
            Health
            <o:p> </o:p>
            "In the beginning of change, the patriot is a scarce man (or woman https://flutrackers.com/forum/core/i...ilies/wink.png), and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for it then costs nothing to be a patriot."- Mark TwainReason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. -Thomas Paine

            Comment


            • #7
              Re: Aedes Mosquitos - Vectors for: Dengue fever and yellow fever

              Thanks, Niko. This is very helpful!

              Comment

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