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CIDRAP Stewardship / Resistance Scan: Drug-resistant Shigella in Vermont; Deadly MDR infections in India; MCR-1 prevalence in Bolivia; MRSA in refugees

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  • CIDRAP Stewardship / Resistance Scan: Drug-resistant Shigella in Vermont; Deadly MDR infections in India; MCR-1 prevalence in Bolivia; MRSA in refugees

    Source: http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-persp...an-nov-08-2018

    Stewardship / Resistance Scan for Nov 08, 2018
    Drug-resistant Shigella in Vermont; Deadly MDR infections in India; MCR-1 prevalence in Bolivia; MRSA in refugees

    Filed Under:
    Antimicrobial Stewardship; MRSA; MCR-1

    Vermont tracks XDR Shigella outbreak in retirement community

    The Vermont Department of Health (VDH) is investigating an outbreak involving an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Shigella sonnei strain at a retirement community in Wake Robin. The outbreak involves 22 confirmed and 44 probable cases.
    Vermont health officials began investigating the outbreak on Oct 18 and alerted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the outbreak on Oct 22. The CDC is assisting Vermont officials with the investigation because of the highly resistant nature of the bacteria.
    "Antibiotic resistance means that the bacteria have developed the ability to prevent antibiotics from working. When bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, the treatment we would normally use may not work, and the bacteria can continue to multiply," said Vermont Health Commissioner Mark Levine, MD, in a VDH press release. "Fortunately, most people who get this will recover in five to seven days without the need for treatment."
    Shigella infections commonly cause stomach cramps, diarrhea, and fever. Shigella is best prevented by washing hands thoroughly several times per day.
    Levine said the most recent onset of illness was Nov 1.
    Nov 6 VDH press release

    Indian study links multidrug-resistant infections to higher mortality risk

    A new study by researchers with the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy has found a significant relationship between multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections and mortality in India.
    In the retrospective study, published today in Clinical Infectious Diseases, researchers analyzed patient-level antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) results and patient mortality outcomes from 10 Indian hospitals. They focused on resistance patterns for drugs commonly used to treat ESKAPE pathogens?Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanniii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp?and resistance to Escherichia coli. To evaluate patient mortality in relation to MDR bacteria, they conducted multivariate regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, hospital location, and specimen source.
    The researchers analyzed data on 5,103 AST results. The overall mortality rate of patients was 13.1%, with increased odds of mortality among patients with MDR infections (odds ratio [OR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 2.16) and XDR infections (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.81 to 3.88). Infections with MDR and XDR E coli, XDR K pneumoniae, and MDR A baumannii were associated with 2-3 times higher mortality. Mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infections that were also non-susceptible to aminoglycosides was significantly higher when compared with susceptible strains.
    "While data were observational, preventing establishment of causality, our results provide strong quantification of the association between mortality and multidrug resistant patterns in a representative LMIC [low- and middle-income country], and highlight the significant threat MDR and XDR pathogens pose to human health in developing countries," the authors write.
    Nov 8 Clin Infect Dis abstract

    High prevalence found in Bolivian children not exposed to antibiotics

    Scientists have found an almost 40% carriage rate of the colistin-resistance gene MCR-1 in children in the Chaco region of Bolivia, according to a report today in Eurosurveillance.
    The study involved 337 children from eight villages in the semi-arid, sparsely populated region in eastern Bolivia. The children ranged in age from 7 to 11 years, with an average age of 9.2 years.
    The researchers analyzed fecal samples and found that 129 of the children (38.3%) harbored pathogens that contained MCR-1. Some children had more than one positive sample, yielding a total of 173 MCR-1?positive isolates, 171 of which were Escherichia coli. All of those 171 isolates were susceptible to carbapenems and tigecycline.
    Only 4 of the MCR-1 carriers had previous antibiotic exposure. Colistin is considered an antibiotic of last resort for MDR bacterial infections.
    The authors conclude, "This high prevalence of mcr-1-like carriage, in absence of professional exposure, is unexpected. Its extent at the national level should be investigated with priority."
    Nov 8 Eurosurveillance report

    Study: Almost half of refugees to Finland harbor MDR bacteria

    University of Helsinki researchers determined that 45% of asylum seekers and refugees treated at their hospital harbored MDR bacteria, including 21% who had MRSA, according to a separate study today in Eurosurveillance.
    The investigators analyzed microbiological and clinical data from 447 refugees who were treated from January 2010 to August 2017. Iraq was the most common country of origin (46.5%), followed by Afghanistan (10.3%), Syria (9.6%), and Somalia (6.9%).
    The authors found that 45.0% were colonized by MDR bacteria, 32.9% had extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, 21.3% had MRSA, and 0.7% harbored carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. As well, 12.5% had two or more MDR bacterial strains. Multivariable analysis revealed geographic region and previous surgery outside Nordic countries as risk factors for MRSA colonization.
    The authors conclude, "The data suggest that these patients should be considered a risk group that requires both screening of MDR bacteria and infection control measures at entry to hospitals in low-prevalence countries."
    Nov 8 Eurosurveillance study




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