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CIDRAP Stewardship / Resistance Scan: Azithromycin resistance in N gonorrhoeae; UK antibiotic prescribing; Viral diagnostic shows promise; MDR urinary tract infections

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  • CIDRAP Stewardship / Resistance Scan: Azithromycin resistance in N gonorrhoeae; UK antibiotic prescribing; Viral diagnostic shows promise; MDR urinary tract infections

    Source: http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-persp...an-sep-17-2018


    Stewardship / Resistance Scan for Sep 17, 2018
    Azithromycin resistance in N gonorrhoeae; UK antibiotic prescribing; Viral diagnostic shows promise; MDR urinary tract infections

    Filed Under:
    Antimicrobial Stewardship

    Study links seasonal macrolides use, resistance in N gonorrhoeae

    Using a mathematical model that links seasonal patterns of antibiotic use with resistance, researchers from Harvard and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have found that seasonal changes in population-wide macrolide use is associated with a small rise in azithromycin non-susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates.
    The ecological study, published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, used the mathematical model to link seasonal variations in the use of macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin) with seasonal minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for azithromycin. Their hypothesis was that periods of above-average use would create more selection pressure and result in higher azithromycin MICs 3 months later.
    The researchers measured the seasonality of macrolide use from 2011 through 2015 using a nationwide pharmacy prescription claims database and investigated N gonorrhoeae azithromycin MIC seasonality using 62,500 isolates collected as part of the CDC's Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project.
    The results showed that year-round macrolide use was 12.8 monthly outpatient pharmacy fills per 1,000 insurance members, with seasonal amplitude of 4.8 monthly fills per 1,000 members and a peak in use in December/January. Azithromycin resistance among N gonorrhoeae isolates was seasonal, with an amplitude of 0.076 dilutions. As predicted by the model, seasonal resistance peaked in March/April, 3 months after peak macrolide use. A back-of-the-envelope calculation showed that a 10% increase in macrolide use is associated with an additive increase in mean MIC of 0.0015 micrograms per milliliter.
    The authors speculate that seasonal patterns in azithromycin MICs arise because N gonorrhoeae hosts are more likely to use macrolides for respiratory conditions in the winter than in the summer. This subjects N gonorrhoeae to a seasonal "bystander effect," in which the bacteria are exposed to additional antibiotic pressure in the winter for reasons unrelated to gonorrhea. The findings could partly explain rising azithromycin MICs in N gonorrhoeae, which are threatening the efficacy of the currently recommended treatment regimen (azithromycin and ceftriaxone) for gonorrhea infections.
    The researchers conclude, "The anticipated bystander effect of antibiotics used for conditions other than gonorrhea should be considered as treatment guidelines for gonococcal infections are updated."
    Sep 15 J Infect Dis abstract


    UK study finds reduced prescribing, persistent geographic variation

    Researchers from the University of Oxford report in the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy that while overall antibiotic prescribing has decreased in primary care settings in England since 2013, considerable geographic variation persists.
    Using two sources of data routinely collected by England's National Health Service (NHS)?monthly practice-level prescribing data and annual prescription cost analysis data?the researchers set out to determine antibiotic prescribing trends in primary care in England from 1998 through 2017, geographic variation in antibiotic prescribing in 2017, trends in variation between practices from 2010 through 2017, and seasonal variation. They also looked at factors associated with higher prescribing.
    The results showed that the overall rate of antibiotic prescribing fell by 18% from 2010 through 2017, with the steepest after 2013. In addition, from 2006 through 2017 the percentage of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing was reduced from 18% to 8.4%.
    While variation across general practices has declined, there was a twofold variation for total prescribing and a sevenfold variation for cephalosporin prescribing between the highest prescribing and lowest prescribing Clinical Commission Groups (CCGs)?the NHS bodies responsible for planning and commissioning of healthcare services in a local area. The CCG to which a practice belongs accounted for 12.6% of current variation in prescribing.
    Higher antibiotic prescribing was associated with greater practice size, proportion of patients older than 65 and younger than 18, poorer prescribing on other measures of rural location, and deprivation. Seasonal increases declined for most antibiotics.
    The researchers conclude that while the reduction in antibiotic prescribing in primary care is encouraging, better access to and use of audit data could further improve clinical care and antibiotic use.
    Sep 15 J Antimicrob Chemother study

    Point-of-care viral respiratory test could aid stewardship, early results show

    Initial results on a point-of-care test (POCT) for respiratory viruses indicate the potential to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and hospital admissions, according to research presented yesterday at the European Respiratory Society International Congress.
    In a study conducted at West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust in England from Jan 15 to May 1, the results of the test were combined with other important clinical factors, including chest x-ray results and lack of evidence of bacterial infection, to identify 121 patients (out of 387) who were potentially suitable for avoiding hospital admission and antibiotics. Hospital admission was avoided in 25% of these patients, and unnecessary use of antibiotics was avoided in 50%.
    "None of the 30 patients who avoided hospital admission and who were not prescribed antibiotics experienced adverse clinical outcomes, which is reassuring," Kay Roy, MBChB, a consultant physician in respiratory and general internal medicine, said in a press release from the European Lung Foundation. Roy also estimated that the test could save hospitals ?2,000 ($2,632) per patient not admitted to hospital.
    The test involves inserting a swab into a patient's nostril, collecting secretions from the back of the nose, and analyzing the sample with a compact device called the FilmArray (made by Biofire, Biomerieux). The entire process takes 50 minutes.
    "The frequent underestimation of the role of viruses in respiratory admissions, both in previously well patients and those with chronic underlying disease such as COPD [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], has hindered good antimicrobial stewardship," said Roy. "This has sometimes led to other health problems for patients, from inappropriate antibiotic use and hospital admission. We hope that quality of patient care can be improved with POCT for respiratory viruses, as well as helping to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance."
    The research is not peer-reviewed.
    Sep 16 European Lung Foundation press release

    Study finds male gender, catheter use tied to MDR urinary tract infections

    A study of 948 patients in Europe, Turkey, and Israel has found an "alarming" rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria in complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), with predictors including male gender, acquisition of cUTI in a medical facility, and having an indwelling urinary catheter.
    Writing in Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, researchers said they analyzed 1,074 isolates from consecutive cUTI patients from January 2013 through December 2014. Of the isolated pathogens, 559 (52.0%) were Escherichia coli, and 97 (9.0%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa?the two most common causal organisms. Fully 54.2% of the E coli isolates were MDR, compared with 38.1% of the P aeruginosa isolates.
    The investigators also found the being male increased the odds of having MDR gram-negative infections by 66% (odds ratio [OR], 1.66). Other risk factors were acquisition of cUTI in a medical facility (OR, 2.59), presence of an indwelling catheter (OR, 1.44), having had a UTI within the year (OR, 1.89), and antibiotic treatment within the previous 30 days (OR, 1.68).
    The authors conclude, "The current high rate of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria infections among hospitalised patients with cUTIs in the studied area is alarming. Our predictive model could be useful to avoid inappropriate antibiotic treatment and implement antibiotic stewardship policies that enhance the use of carbapenem-sparing regimens in patients at low risk of multidrug-resistance."
    Sep 14 Antimicrob Resist Infect Control study




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