USDA/APHIS: White-Tailed Deer Exposed To SARS-CoV-2 Detected In 4 States

[Michael Coston]

USDA/APHIS: White-Tailed Deer Exposed To SARS-CoV-2 Detected In 4 States





#16,091

While SARS-COV-2 is believed to have originated in bats, it is now predominantly a disease in humans, although other species, including mink, dogs, cats, and a number of other mammals are known to be susceptible.

Three weeks ago, in EID Journal: Peridomestic Mammal Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection, we looked at the admittedly low, but worrisome possibility that COVID could establish itself in a non-human species in the wild.

This could conceivably provide the virus with additional opportunities to produce new variants, as we've already seen happen in domesticated mink (see SSI Study: Denmark's Cluster-5 mink Variant Had Increased Antibody Resistance), which might then jump back into the human population.

Today the USDA/APHIS announced the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 33% of 481 samples opportunistically collected from 32 counties across 4 states (Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania) - and while they state that this is `not unexpected' - this seems like a pretty high seroprevalence in the wild.

This announcement states that this study was only designed to determine exposure of deer to SARS-CoV-2 in their natural environment, and they were unable to say whether the deer were replicating and shedding SARS-CoV-2.

Free-ranging deer, unlike companion animals - and even animals kept in zoos - have fairly limited contact with humans. It seems unlikely, at least to this blogger, that a 33% seroprevalence could be achieved without some degree of deer-to-deer transmission.

This is obviously something we'll look forward to learning more about in the weeks and months ahead.

The announcement, and a link to a Q&A follow:

Surveillance Data Shows White-Tailed Deer Exposed to SARS-CoV-2


USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service sent this bulletin at 07/28/2021 11:00 AM EDT

Contact: APHISpress@usda.gov

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) recently completed a study that analyzed serum samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Results of the study indicate that certain white-tailed deer populations in Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania were exposed to SARS-CoV-2.

Samples were obtained opportunistically as part of wildlife damage management activities conducted by APHIS Wildlife Services across 32 counties in the 4 states. These samples were tested at APHIS’ National Wildlife Research Center and National Veterinary Services Laboratories. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 33% of the 481 samples collected from January 2020 through 2021. None of the deer populations surveyed showed signs of clinical illness associated with SARS-CoV-2.

It is important to note that this surveillance was designed to determine exposure of deer to SARS-CoV-2 in their natural environment. It was not designed to determine whether the deer were replicating and shedding SARS-CoV-2.

APHIS supports a One Health approach to addressing animal diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. Widespread human infections with SARS-CoV-2 combined with human-wildlife interactions create the potential for spillover between people and animals. Studying the susceptibility of certain mammals, such as deer, to SARS-CoV-2 helps to identify species that may serve as reservoirs or hosts for the virus, as well as understand the origin of the virus, and predict its impacts on wildlife and the risks of cross-species transmission.

The finding that wild white-tailed deer have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is not unexpected given that white-tailed deer are susceptible to the virus, are abundant in the United States, often come into close contact with people, and that, more than 114 million Americans are estimated to have been infected with COVID-19, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

APHIS is working closely with federal and state partners, including the Department of the Interior, the CDC, and the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, to determine next steps. Results from this surveillance effort are currently being prepared for publication in a peer-review journal.

APHIS is a multi-faceted agency with a broad mission that includes protecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health, regulating genetically engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act, and carrying out wildlife damage management activities.

For more information, please see the Questions and Answers: Results of Study on SARS-CoV-2 in White-Tailed Deer.

https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2021/...xposed-to.html

[Mary Wilson]

Susceptibility of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) to SARS-CoV-2

2021 Mar 10;95(11):e00083-21.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00083-21. Online ahead of print.

Mitchell V Palmer ¹, Mathias Martins ², Shollie Falkenberg ³, Alexandra Buckley ⁴, Leonardo C Caserta ², Patrick K Mitchell ², Eric D Cassmann ⁴, Alicia Rollins ², Nancy C Zylich ², Randall W Renshaw ², Cassandra Guarino ², Bettina Wagner ², Kelly Lager ⁴, Diego G Diel ⁵

Abstract

The origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. Current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. Understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Here we demonstrated that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an animal species in which the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - the SARS-CoV-2 receptor - shares a high degree of similarity to humans, are highly susceptible to infection. Intranasal inoculation of deer fawns with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in established subclinical viral infection and shedding of infectious virus in nasal secretions. Notably, infected animals transmitted the virus to non-inoculated contact deer. Viral RNA was detected in multiple tissues 21 days post-inoculation (pi). All inoculated and indirect contact animals seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibodies as early as day 7 pi. The work provides important insights into the animal host range of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies white-tailed deer as a susceptible wild animal species to the virus.

IMPORTANCEGiven the presumed zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the human-animal-environment interface of COVID-19 pandemic is an area of great scientific and public- and animal-health interest. Identification of animal species that are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate the potential origin of the virus, identify potential reservoirs or intermediate hosts, and define the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Additionally, it may also provide information and help to prevent potential reverse zoonosis that could lead to the establishment of a new wildlife hosts. Our data show that upon intranasal inoculation, white-tailed deer became subclinically infected and shed infectious SARS-CoV-2 in nasal secretions and feces. Importantly, indirect contact animals were infected and shed infectious virus, indicating efficient SARS-CoV-2 transmission from inoculated animals. These findings support the inclusion of wild cervid species in investigations conducted to assess potential reservoirs or sources of SARS-CoV-2 of infection.

https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00083-21

[Emily]

From the USDA Q&A sheet linked to in Michael's post:

"We detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in only 1 of the 241 samples collected before January 2020 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic in people). The single sample was at the minimum threshold of detection and was likely a false positive. This low-level detection is well within the expected false positive rate of the test used."

So that seems to rule out methodolgy problems and the possibility that an endemic deer coronavirus cross-reaction led to the results in the wild deer sample analysis.

So nothing has changed as far as clues about the origin of Sars-CoV-2. There is no sign of the virus infecting a wild non-human animal prior to it's emergence in humans, yet the virus can infect a diverse range of species.