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Finland - National Health Dept. Suspends A/H1N1 Vaccine Due to Possible Narcolepsy Connection + other countries investigate

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  • #76
    Vaccine
    Available online 1 August 2015
    In Press, Corrected Proof ? Note to users



    Incidence of narcolepsy before and after MF59-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination in South Korean soldiers


    Highlights

    ? The incidence rate of narcolepsy in Korean soldiers was 0.91 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2007?2013.
    ? There was no increase in narcolepsy cases after the vaccination campaign with the MF59-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine.
    ? The MF59-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine did not contribute to the occurrence of narcolepsy in Korean soldiers.



    Abstract

    Background

    Previous reports mostly from Europe suggested an association between an occurrence of narcolepsy and an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine adjuvanted with AS03 (Pandemrix?). During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination campaign, the Korean military performed a vaccination campaign with one type of influenza vaccine containing MF59-adjuvants. This study was conducted to investigate the background incidence rate of narcolepsy in South Korean soldiers and the association of the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine with the occurrence of narcolepsy in a young adult group.
    Methods

    To assess the incidence of narcolepsy, we retrospectively reviewed medical records of suspicious cases of narcolepsy in 2007?2013 in the whole 20 military hospitals of the Korean military. The screened cases were classified according to the Brighton Collaboration case definition of narcolepsy. After obtaining the number of confirmed cases of narcolepsy per 3 months in 2007?2013, we compared the crude incidence rate of narcolepsy before and after the vaccination campaign.
    Results

    We included 218 narcolepsy suspicious cases in the initial review, which were screened by the diagnostic code on the computerized disease registry in 2007?2013. Forty-one cases were finally diagnosed with narcolepsy in 2007?2013 (male sex, 95%; median age, 21 years). The average background incidence rate of narcolepsy in Korean soldiers was 0.91 cases per 100,000 persons per year. During the 9 months before vaccination implementation (April to December 2009), 6 narcolepsy cases occurred, whereas during the next 9 months (January to September 2010) including the 3-month vaccination campaign, 5 cases occurred.
    Conclusions

    The incidence of narcolepsy in South Korean soldiers was not increased after the pandemic vaccination campaign using the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. Our results suggest that the MF59-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine did not contribute to the occurrence of narcolepsy in this young adult group.




    Comment


    • #77
      Journal of Autoimmunity
      Available online 27 July 2015
      In Press, Corrected ProofNote to users



      Autoantibodies against ganglioside GM3 are associated with narcolepsy-cataplexy developing after Pandemrix vaccination against 2009 pandemic H1N1 type influenza virus
      Highlights


      • Pandemrix vaccine induced autoimmunity against gangliosides, particularly against GM3.
      • Anti-GM3 antibodies were associated with Pandemrix-related narcolepsy-cataplexy.
      • Anti-GM3 antibodies associated with HLA-DQB1*0602 in vaccinated patients and controls.
      • Acting as a viral receptor GM3 could make complexes with H1 and lead to immunization.
      • No anti-GM3 antibodies were found in sporadic Pandemrix-unrelated narcolepsy.


      Abstract

      Following the mass vaccinations against pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus in 2009, a sudden increase in juvenile onset narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC) was detected in several European countries where AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccine had been used.
      NC is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. In human NC, the hypocretin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus or the hypocretin signaling pathway are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction. Both genetic (e.g. HLA-DQB1*0602) and environmental risk factors (e.g. Pandemrix) contribute to the disease development, but the underlying and the mediating immunological mechanisms are largely unknown.
      Influenza virus hemagglutinin is known to bind gangliosides, which serve as host cell virus receptors. Anti-ganglioside antibodies have previously been linked to various neurological disorders, like the Guillain-Barr? syndrome which may develop after infection or vaccination. Because of these links we screened sera of NC patients and controls for IgG anti-ganglioside antibodies against 11 human brain gangliosides (GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GD1a, GD1b, GD2, GD3, GT1a, GT1b, GQ1b) and a sulfatide by using a line blot assay. Samples from 173 children and adolescents were analyzed: 48 with Pandemrix-associated NC, 20 with NC without Pandemrix association, 57 Pandemrix-vaccinated and 48 unvaccinated healthy children. We found that patients with Pandemrix-associated NC had more frequently (14.6%) anti-GM3 antibodies than vaccinated healthy controls (3.5%) (P = 0.047). Anti-GM3 antibodies were significantly associated with HLA-DQB1*0602 (P = 0.016) both in vaccinated NC patients and controls. In general, anti-ganglioside antibodies were more frequent in vaccinated (18.1%) than in unvaccinated (7.3%) individuals (P = 0.035). Our data suggest that autoimmunity against GM3 is a feature of Pandemrix-associated NC and that autoantibodies against gangliosides were induced by Pandemrix vaccination.




      Comment


      • #78
        53 suspicion cases related with the swine influenza vaccine Pandemrix


        BERLIN. All over the country 53 suspicion cases with which the pork influenza-vaccine Pandemrix has possibly released Narkolepsie are registered. This arises from the answer of the federal health ministry to a small inquiry of the left faction.

        27 persons under age also count to the affected persons afterwards. With children with secure diagnoses the symptoms have appeared on average about 160 days after the vaccination, with adults these were 194 days.

        Indeed: Also pork influenza itself apparently releases Narkolepsie, suggest like data from China where in 2009 was barely inoculated. As a trigger a virus protein which seems on the Influenzaviren, as well as in the vaccine Pandemrix is supposed

        Bundesweit sind 53 Verdachtsfälle registriert, bei denen der Schweinegrippe-Impfstoff Pandemrix möglicherweise Narkolepsie ausgelöst hat. Dies geht aus der Antwort des Bundesgesundheitsministeriums auf eine Kleine Anfrage der Linksfraktion hervor.

        Comment


        • #79
          Pandemrix? and narcolepsy: A critical appraisal of the observational studies

          Full text HTML PDF
          Open access

          DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1068486 Thomas Verstraetena*, Catherine Cohetb, Ga?l Dos Santosc, Germano LC Ferreiraab, Kaatje Bollaertsa, Vincent Bauchaub & Vivek Shinded


          Abstract

          A link between Pandemrix? (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, GSK Vaccines, Belgium) and narcolepsy was first suspected in 2010 in Sweden and Finland following a number of reports in children and adolescents. Initial scepticism about the reported association faded as additional countries reported similar findings, leading several regulatory authorities to restrict the use of Pandemrix?. The authors acknowledge that currently available data suggest an increased risk of narcolepsy following vaccination with Pandemrix?; however, from an epidemiologist's perspective, significant methodological limitations of the studies have not been fully addressed and raise questions about the reported risk estimates. We review the most important biases and confounders that potentially occurred in 12 European studies of the observed association between Pandemrix? and narcolepsy, and call for further analyses and debate.

          full article


          Comment


          • #80
            Pandemrix

            influenza vaccine (H1N1)v (split virion, inactivated, adjuvanted) A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)v like strain (x-179a)


            The marketing authorisation for Pandemrix has expired following the marketing-authorisation holder?s decision not to apply for a renewal.


            Comment


            • #81
              H1N1 influenza virus induces narcolepsy-like sleep disruption and targets sleep?wake regulatory neurons in mice

              • aDepartment of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden;
              • bDepartment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
              • cSection of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14157, Sweden;
              • dDivision of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden;
              • eDepartment of Brain Physiology, Institute of Biology of Taras Shevchenko National University, Kiev 01601, Ukraine;
              • fDepartment of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria;
              • gDepartment of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
              • Contributed by Tomas G. M. H?kfelt, October 31, 2015 (sent for review July 16, 2015; reviewed by Antoine Adamantidis, Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia, Fang Han, and Thomas S. Kilduff)


              Significance

              Influenza A virus infections are risk factors for narcolepsy, a disease in which autoimmunity has been implicated. We tested experimentally whether influenza virus infections could be causally related to narcolepsy. We found that mice infected with a H1N1 influenza A virus strain developed over time sleep?wake changes described in murine models of narcolepsy and narcolepsy patients. In the brain, the virus infected orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons, which are destroyed in human narcolepsy, and other cells in the distributed sleep?wake-regulating neuronal network. The findings, obtained in mice lacking an adaptive autoimmune response, thus provide new avenues for research on infection-related mechanisms in narcolepsy.

              Abstract

              An increased incidence in the sleep-disorder narcolepsy has been associated with the 2009?2010 pandemic of H1N1 influenza virus in China and with mass vaccination campaigns against influenza during the pandemic in Finland and Sweden. Pathogenetic mechanisms of narcolepsy have so far mainly focused on autoimmunity. We here tested an alternative working hypothesis involving a direct role of influenza virus infection in the pathogenesis of narcolepsy in susceptible subjects. We show that infection with H1N1 influenza virus in mice that lack B and T cells (Recombinant activating gene 1-deficient mice) can lead to narcoleptic-like sleep?wake fragmentation and sleep structure alterations. Interestingly, the infection targeted brainstem and hypothalamic neurons, including orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons that regulate sleep?wake stability and are affected in narcolepsy. Because changes occurred in the absence of adaptive autoimmune responses, the findings show that brain infections with H1N1 virus have the potential to cause per se narcoleptic-like sleep disruption.



              Comment


              • #82
                Sleep. 2016 Feb 1. pii: sp-00484-15. [Epub ahead of print]
                Risk of Narcolepsy after AS03 Adjuvanted Pandemic A/H1N1 2009 Influenza Vaccine in Adults: A Case-Coverage Study in England.

                Stowe J, Miller E, Andrews N, Kosky C, Leschziner G, Shneerson JM, Hall A, Eriksson S, Reading P, Dennis G, Donegan K.
                Abstract

                STUDY OBJECTIVES:

                An increased risk of narcolepsy has been observed in children following ASO3-adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 (Pandemrix) vaccine. We investigated whether this risk extends to adults in England.
                METHODS:

                Six adult sleep centers in England were visited between November 2012 and February 2014 and vaccination/clinical histories obtained from general practitioners. Suspected narcolepsy cases aged older than 17 y were selected. The risk of narcolepsy following Pandemrix was calculated using cases diagnosed by the time of the center visits and those with a diagnosis by November 30, 2011 after which there was increased awareness of the risk in children. The odds of vaccination in cases and in matched population data were compared using a case-coverage design.
                RESULTS:

                Of 1,446 possible cases identified, most had onset before 2009 or were clearly not narcolepsy. Of the 60 remaining cases, 20 were excluded after expert review, leaving 40 cases with narcolepsy; 5 had received Pandemrix between 3 and 18 mo before onset. All the vaccinated cases had cataplexy, two received a diagnosis by November 2011 and two were aged 40 y or older. The odds ratio for vaccination in cases compared to the population was 4.24 (95% confidence interval 1.45-12.38) using all cases and 9.06 (1.90-43.17) using cases with a diagnosis by November 2011, giving an attributable risk of 0.59 cases per 100,000 doses.
                CONCLUSIONS:

                We found a significantly increased risk of narcolepsy in adults following Pandemrix vaccination in England. The risk was lower than that seen in children using a similar study design.
                Copyright ? 2016 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC. All rights reserved.


                KEYWORDS:

                Pandemrix; adult; case-coverage; narcolepsy; vaccination

                PMID: 26856903 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

                Comment


                • #83
                  Questions Remain About Possible Narcolepsy Risk for Some H1N1 Vaccines

                  NEW ORLEANS, LA?A multinational retrospective analysis failed to confirm a possible association between pediatric narcolepsy and the AS03- and MF-59-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic H1N1 vaccines, according to authors of a poster presentation at IDWeek 2016.
                  However, geographic variation might have complicated efforts to assess such an association, and the study's statistical power for assessing risk after MF-59 vaccine was ?limited,? they cautioned.
                  ?Overall, our results do not support an association between receipt of AS03-adjuvanted 2009 H1N1 vaccine and narcolepsy although our results are based almost exclusively on Arepanrix? use in Ontario,? Steven Black, MD, of the Center for Global Health, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, in Cincinnati, OH, and coauthors, reported in a poster presentation.
                  In Europe, an increased risk of narcolepsy was reported among children administered the AS03-adjuvanted 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine but that effect might have been influenced by news ?media attention bias,? the study authors noted.
                  The international SOMNIA study was undertaken to evaluate the potential narcolepsy association with the AS03- and MF-59-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic H1N1 vaccines during 2003?2013. Narcolepsy incidence rates were assessed for the periods before, during, and after the pandemic influenza (A)H1N1 vaccination campaigns and a case-control analysis was undertaken to assess relative risks of narcolepsy among children and adults receiving the MF-59 and AS03 vaccines.
                  ?No changes in incidence rates of narcolepsy diagnoses were observed between the period after the start of AS03- or MF-59-containing H1N1 vaccination programs and the period before H1N1 circulation, in any of the age groups or countries except for Sweden, where a steep increase was observed in children 5?19 years in 2010,? the authors noted. ?In the primary case control analysis, no association was observed for AS03-containing vaccines in children or adults. Based on three exposed cases, an association with MF-59 vaccine was observed in Argentina in the primary analysis in children, but no association was found when cases from Europe were included.?
                  The study is funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).



                  Comment


                  • #84
                    Narcolepsy and hypersomnia in Norwegian children and young adults following the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic


                    Open Access

                    Abstract

                    Background

                    Associations between influenza infection and sleep disorders are poorly studied. We investigated if pandemic influenza infection or vaccination with Pandemrix in 2009/2010 was associated with narcolepsy or hypersomnia in children and young adults.
                    Methods

                    We followed the Norwegian population under age 30 from January 2008 through December 2012 by linking national health registry data. Narcolepsy diagnoses were validated using hospital records. Risks of narcolepsy or hypersomnia were estimated as adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) in Cox regression models with influenza infection and vaccination as time-dependent exposures.
                    Results

                    Among the 1,638,526 persons under age 30 in Norway in 2009, 3.6% received a physician diagnosis of influenza during the pandemic, while 41.9% were vaccinated against pandemic influenza. Between October 1st 2009 and December 31st 2012, 72 persons had onset of narcolepsy and 305 were diagnosed with hypersomnia. The risk of a sleep disorder was associated with infection during the first six months, adjusted HR 3.31 with 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–10.79 for narcolepsy and adjusted HR 3.13 (95% CI, 1.12–8.76) for hypersomnia. The risk of narcolepsy was strongly associated with vaccination during the first six months adjusted HR 17.21 (95% CI, 6.28–47.14), while the adjusted HR for hypersomnia was 1.54 (95% CI, 0.81–2.93).
                    Conclusions

                    The study confirms an increased HR of narcolepsy following pandemic vaccination. Slightly increased HRs of narcolepsy and hypersomnia are also seen after influenza infection. However, the role of infection should be viewed with caution due to underreporting of influenza.

                    Keywords
                    • Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09;
                    • Pandemic vaccination;
                    • Pandemrix;
                    • Narcolepsy, hypersomnia;
                    • Immunisation registry

                    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science...64410X17302669

                    Comment


                    • #85
                      The immunogenetics of narcolepsy associated with A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination (Pandemrix) supports a potent gene-environment interaction

                      Today, 10:52 AM


                      Genes Immun. 2017 Mar 23. doi: 10.1038/gene.2017.1. [Epub ahead of print]
                      The immunogenetics of narcolepsy associated with A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination (Pandemrix) supports a potent gene-environment interaction.

                      Bomfim IL1,2, Lamb F3, Fink K1,4, Szak?cs A5, Silveira A2,6, Franz?n L1,2, Azhary V1,2, Maeurer M7,8, Feltelius N9, Darin N10, Hallb??k T10, Arnheim-Dahlstr?m L3, Kockum I1,2, Olsson T1,2,4.
                      Author information

                      Abstract

                      The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination campaign from 2009 to 2010 was associated with a sudden increase in the incidence of narcolepsy in several countries. Narcolepsy with cataplexy is strongly associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQB1*06:02 allele, and protective associations with the DQB1*06:03 allele have been reported. Several non-HLA gene loci are also associated, such as common variants of the T-cell receptor-α (TRA), the purinergic receptor P2RY11, cathepsin H (CTSH) and TNFSF4/OX40L/CD252. In this retrospective multicenter study, we investigated if these predisposing gene loci were also involved in vaccination-associated narcolepsy. We compared HLA- along with single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes for non-HLA regions between 42 Pandemrix-vaccinated narcolepsy cases and 1990 population-based controls. The class II gene loci associations supported previous findings. Nominal association (P-value<0.05) with TRA as well as suggestive (P-value<0.1) associations with P2RY11 and CTSH were found. These associations suggest a very strong gene-environment interaction, in which the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain or Pandemrix vaccine can act as potent environmental triggers.Genes and Immunity advance online publication, 23 March 2017; doi:10.1038/gene.2017.1.


                      PMID: 28332559 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2017.1

                      Tags: None

                      Comment


                      • #86
                        Sleep Medicine
                        Retrospective multicenter matched case?control study on the risk factors for narcolepsy with special focus on vaccinations (including pandemic influenza vaccination) and infections in Germany

                        Doris OberleCorrespondence information about the author Doris OberleEmail the author Doris Oberle
                        , Jutta Pavel
                        , Geert Mayer
                        , Peter Geisler
                        , Brigitte Keller-Stanislawski
                        for the German Narcolepsy Study Group

                        DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.02.026 |




                        Highlights

                        • ?In Germany, pandemic influenza vaccination coverage was low.
                        • ?An increased risk for narcolepsy after pandemic H1N1 vaccination is supported.
                        • ?This risk applies to children and adolescents as well as adults.
                        • ?Exposed cases had a more severe clinical picture as compared to nonexposed cases.
                        • ?No other risk factors for narcolepsy were identified.



                        Abstract

                        Objective

                        Studies associate pandemic influenza vaccination with narcolepsy. In Germany, a retrospective, multicenter, matched case?control study was performed to identify risk factors for narcolepsy, particularly regarding vaccinations (seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination) and infections (seasonal and pandemic influenza) and to quantify the detected risks.


                        Methods

                        Patients with excessive daytime sleepiness who had been referred to a sleep center between April 2009 and December 2012 for multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) were eligible. Case report forms were validated according to the criteria for narcolepsy defined by the Brighton Collaboration (BC). Confirmed cases of narcolepsy (BC level of diagnostic certainty 1−4a) were matched with population-based controls by year of birth, gender, and place of residence. A second control group was established including patients in whom narcolepsy was definitely excluded (test-negative controls).


                        Results

                        A total of 103 validated cases of narcolepsy were matched with 264 population-based controls. The second control group included 29 test-negative controls. A significantly increased odd ratio (OR) to develop narcolepsy (crude OR [cOR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8?8.5; adjusted OR [aOR] = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.0?9.9) was detected in individuals immunized with pandemic influenza A/H1N1/v vaccine prior to symptoms onset as compared to nonvaccinated individuals. Using test-negative controls, in individuals immunized with pandemic influenza A/H1N1/v vaccine prior to symptoms onset, a nonsignificantly increased OR of narcolepsy was detected when compared to nonvaccinated individuals (whole study population, BC levels 1−4a: cOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 0.5?6.9; aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.3?10.1).


                        Conclusions

                        The findings of this study support an increased risk for narcolepsy after immunization with pandemic influenza A/H1N1/v vaccine.





                        Comment


                        • #87
                          Antibody Affinity Against 2009 A/H1N1 Influenza and Pandemrix Vaccine Nucleoproteins Differs Between Childhood Narcolepsy Patients and Controls

                          To cite this article:
                          Lind Alexander, Freyhult Eva, Ramelius Anita, Olsson Tomas, Arnheim-Dahlstr?m Lisen, Lamb Favelle, Khademi Mohsen, Ambati Aditya, Maeurer Markus, Lima Bomfim Izaura, Fink Katharina, Fex Malin, T?rn Carina, Elding Larsson Helena, and Lernmark ?ke. Viral Immunology. August 2017, ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2017.0066
                          Online Ahead of Print: August 10, 2017
                          Author information

                          Alexander Lind,1 Eva Freyhult,2 Anita Ramelius,1 Tomas Olsson,3 Lisen Arnheim-Dahlstr?m,4 Favelle Lamb,4 Mohsen Khademi,3 Aditya Ambati,5 Markus Maeurer,6 Izaura Lima Bomfim,3 Katharina Fink,3,7 Malin Fex,1 Carina T?rn,1 Helena Elding Larsson,1 and ?ke Lernmark1
                          1Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Center (CRC), Sk?ne University Hospital SUS, Malm?, Sweden.
                          2Department of Medical Sciences, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
                          3Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
                          4Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
                          5Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
                          6TIM, LabMed, Karolinska Institutet and CAST, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
                          7Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
                          Address correspondence to:
                          Alexander Lind, MSc
                          Department of Clinical Sciences
                          Lund University/Clinical Research Center (CRC)
                          Sk?ne University Hospital SUS Malm? Jan Waldenstr?ms gata 35
                          SE-205 02 Malm?
                          Sweden
                          E-mail: alexander.lind@med.lu.se


                          ABSTRACT

                          Increased narcolepsy incidence was observed in Sweden following the 2009 influenza vaccination with Pandemrix?. A substitution of the 2009 nucleoprotein for the 1934 variant has been implicated in narcolepsy development. The aims were to determine (a) antibody levels toward wild-type A/H1N1-2009[A/California/04/2009(H1N1)] (NP-CA2009) and Pandemrix-[A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)] (NP-PR1934) nucleoproteins in 43 patients and 64 age-matched controls; (b) antibody affinity in reciprocal competitive assays in 11 childhood narcolepsy patients compared with 21 age-matched controls; and (c) antibody levels toward wild-type A/H1N1-2009[A/California/04/2009(H1N1)] (H1N1 NS1), not a component of the Pandemrix vaccine. In vitro transcribed and translated 35S-methionine-labeled H1N1 influenza A virus proteins were used in radiobinding reciprocal competition assays to estimate antibody levels and affinity (Kd). Childhood patients had higher NP-CA2009 (p = 0.0339) and NP-PR1934 (p = 0.0246) antibody levels compared with age-matched controls. These childhood controls had lower NP-CA2009 (p = 0.0221) and NP-PR1934 (p = 0.00619) antibodies compared with controls 13 years or older. In contrast, in patients 13 years or older, the levels of NP-PR1934 (p = 0.279) and NP-CA2009 (p = 0.0644) antibodies did not differ from the older controls. Childhood antibody affinity (Kd) against NP-CA2009 was comparable between controls (68 ng/mL) and patients (74 ng/mL; p = 0.21) with NP-CA2009 and NP-PR1934 displacement (controls: 165 ng/mL; patients: 199 ng/mL; p = 0.48). In contrast, antibody affinity against NP-PR1934 was higher in controls with either NP-PR1934 (controls: 9 ng/mL; patients: 20 ng/mL; p = 0.0031) or NP-CA2009 (controls: 14 ng/mL; patients: 23 ng/mL; p = 0.0048). A/H1N1-NS1 antibodies were detected in 0/43 of the narcolepsy patients compared with 3/64 (4.7%) controls (p = 0.272). Similarly, none (0/11) of the childhood patients and 1/21 (4.8%) of the childhood controls had A/H1N1-NS1 antibodies. The higher antibody affinities against NP-PR1934 in controls suggest better protection against wild-type virus. In contrast, the reduced NP-PR1934 antibody affinities among childhood narcolepsy patients suggest poor protection from the wild-type A/H1N1 virus and possibly increased risk for viral damage.



                          Comment


                          • #88
                            Sleepmedicine Review

                            Incidence of narcolepsy after H1N1 influenza and vaccinations: Systematic review and meta-analysis


                            Tomi O. SarkanenCorrespondence information about the author Tomi O. SarkanenEmail the author Tomi O. Sarkanen
                            , Anniina P.E. Alakuijala
                            , Yves A. Dauvilliers
                            , Markku M. Partinen

                            Incidence of narcolepsy after H1N1 influenza and vaccinations: Systematic review and meta-analysis
                            DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.006



                            Summary

                            An increased incidence of narcolepsy was seen in many countries after the pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccination campaign in 2009?2010. The H1N1 vaccine ? narcolepsy connection is based on observational studies that are prone to various biases, e.g., confounding by H1N1 infection, and ascertainment, recall and selection biases. A direct pathogenic link has, however, remained elusive. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the magnitude of H1N1 vaccination related risk and to examine if there was any association with H1N1 infection itself. We searched all articles from PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, and other relevant sources reporting the incidence and risk of post-vaccine narcolepsy. In our paper, we show that the risk appears to be limited to only one vaccine (Pandemrix?). During the first year after vaccination, the relative risk of narcolepsy was increased 5 to 14-fold in children and adolescents and 2 to 7-fold in adults. The vaccine attributable risk in children and adolescents was around 1 per 18,400 vaccine doses. Studies from Finland and Sweden also appear to demonstrate an extended risk of narcolepsy into the second year following vaccination, but such conclusions should be interpreted with a word of caution due to possible biases. Benefits of immunization outweigh the risk of vaccination-associated narcolepsy, which remains a rare disease.



                            http://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(17)30001-1/fulltext

                            Comment


                            • #89
                              Narcolepsy and adjuvanted pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccines ? Multi-country assessment

                              Author links open overlay panelDanielWeibela

                              MiriamSturkenboombStevenBlackcMariade RidderaCaitlinDoddaJanBonhoefferdeAnnVanrolleghemaNicolinevan der MaasfGert JanLammersghSebastiaanOvereemiAngelaGentilejNorbertoGigliojVanesaCastellanojJeffrey C.KwongkBrian J.MurraylKarenCauch-DudekkDianaJuhaszkMichaelCampitellik?Tom T.Shimabukuroad



                              https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.008Get rights and content
                              Open Access funded by VSNU
                              Under a Creative Commons license
                              open access


                              Abstract

                              Background

                              In 2010, a safety signal was detected for narcolepsy following vaccination with Pandemrix, an AS03-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) vaccine. To further assess a possible association and inform policy on future use of adjuvants, we conducted a multi-country study of narcolepsy and adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccines.

                              Methods

                              We used electronic health databases to conduct a dynamic retrospective cohort study to assess narcolepsy incidence rates (IR) before and during pH1N1 virus circulation, and after pH1N1 vaccination campaigns in Canada, Denmark, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Using a case-control study design, we evaluated the risk of narcolepsy following AS03- and MF59-adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccines in Argentina, Canada, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, we also conducted a case-coverage study in children born between 2004 and 2009.

                              Results

                              No changes in narcolepsy IRs were observed in any periods in single study sites except Sweden and Taiwan; in Taiwan incidence increased after wild-type pH1N1 virus circulation and in Sweden (a previously identified signaling country), incidence increased after the start of pH1N1 vaccination. No association was observed for Arepanrix-AS03 or Focetria-MF59 adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccines and narcolepsy in children or adults in the case-control study nor for children born between 2004 and 2009 in the Netherlands case-coverage study for Pandemrix-AS03.

                              Conclusions

                              Other than elevated narcolepsy IRs in the period after vaccination campaigns in Sweden, we did not find an association between AS03- or MF59-adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccines and narcolepsy in children or adults in the sites studied, although power to evaluate the AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix brand vaccine was limited in our study.





                              Comment


                              • #90
                                Incidence rates of narcolepsy diagnoses in Taiwan, Canada, and Europe: The use of statistical simulation to evaluate methods for the rapid assessment of potential safety issues on a population level in the SOMNIA study

                                • Caitlin N. Dodd ,
                                • Maria de Ridder,
                                • Wan-Ting Huang,
                                • Daniel Weibel,
                                • Maria Giner-Soriano,
                                • Silvia Perez-Vilar,
                                • Javier Diez-Domingo,
                                • Lawrence W. Svenson,
                                • Salahddin M. Mahmud,
                                • Bruce Carleton,
                                • Monika Naus,
                                • Jeffrey C. Kwong,
                                • Brian J. Murray,
                                • [ ... ],
                                • Miriam Sturkenboom
                                • [ view all ]

                                Abstract

                                Background & objectives

                                Vaccine safety signals require investigation, which may be done rapidly at the population level using ecological studies, before embarking on hypothesis-testing studies. Incidence rates were used to assess a signal of narcolepsy following AS03-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza vaccination among children and adolescents in Sweden and Finland in 2010. We explored the utility of ecological data to assess incidence of narcolepsy following exposure to pandemic H1N1 virus or vaccination in 10 sites that used different vaccines, adjuvants, and had varying vaccine coverage.

                                Methods

                                We calculated incidence rates of diagnosed narcolepsy for periods defined by influenza virus circulation and vaccination campaign dates, and used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the periods during which wild-type virus circulated and after the start of vaccination campaigns vs. the period prior to pH1N1 virus circulation. We used electronic health care data from Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada (3 provinces), Taiwan, Netherlands, and Spain (2 regions) from 2003 to 2013. We investigated interactions between age group and adjuvant in European sites and conducted a simulation study to investigate how vaccine coverage, age, and the interval from onset to diagnosis may impact the ability to detect safety signals.

                                Results

                                Incidence rates of narcolepsy varied by age, continent, and period. Only in Taiwan and Sweden were significant time-period-by-age-group interactions observed. Associations were found for children in Taiwan (following pH1N1 virus circulation) and Sweden (following vaccination). Simulations showed that the individual-level relative risk of narcolepsy was underestimated using ecological methods comparing post- vs. pre-vaccination periods; this effect was attenuated with higher vaccine coverage and a shorter interval from disease onset to diagnosis.

                                Conclusions

                                Ecological methods can be useful for vaccine safety assessment but the results are influenced by diagnostic delay and vaccine coverage. Because ecological methods assess risk at the population level, these methods should be treated as signal-generating methods and drawing conclusions regarding individual-level risk should be avoided.


                                Background & objectives Vaccine safety signals require investigation, which may be done rapidly at the population level using ecological studies, before embarking on hypothesis-testing studies. Incidence rates were used to assess a signal of narcolepsy following AS03-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza vaccination among children and adolescents in Sweden and Finland in 2010. We explored the utility of ecological data to assess incidence of narcolepsy following exposure to pandemic H1N1 virus or vaccination in 10 sites that used different vaccines, adjuvants, and had varying vaccine coverage. Methods We calculated incidence rates of diagnosed narcolepsy for periods defined by influenza virus circulation and vaccination campaign dates, and used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the periods during which wild-type virus circulated and after the start of vaccination campaigns vs. the period prior to pH1N1 virus circulation. We used electronic health care data from Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada (3 provinces), Taiwan, Netherlands, and Spain (2 regions) from 2003 to 2013. We investigated interactions between age group and adjuvant in European sites and conducted a simulation study to investigate how vaccine coverage, age, and the interval from onset to diagnosis may impact the ability to detect safety signals. Results Incidence rates of narcolepsy varied by age, continent, and period. Only in Taiwan and Sweden were significant time-period-by-age-group interactions observed. Associations were found for children in Taiwan (following pH1N1 virus circulation) and Sweden (following vaccination). Simulations showed that the individual-level relative risk of narcolepsy was underestimated using ecological methods comparing post- vs. pre-vaccination periods; this effect was attenuated with higher vaccine coverage and a shorter interval from disease onset to diagnosis. Conclusions Ecological methods can be useful for vaccine safety assessment but the results are influenced by diagnostic delay and vaccine coverage. Because ecological methods assess risk at the population level, these methods should be treated as signal-generating methods and drawing conclusions regarding individual-level risk should be avoided.





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