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first flu in birds was described 1878 as "fowl plague" in Italy.
Flu in inner segments in wild birds evolves near an index and usually
doesn't go from poultry back to wild birds.
Avian flu evolves separately in America and Eurasia, no (few) mixing.
So, did it exist in American mallards before Columbus ?
Or how was it introduced, when even nowadays it doesn't go from
Eurasia to America.
Current American wild-bird-flu-segments 1,2,5 suggest a common
ancestor ~1900. Where did it come from ? Was there flu in American
mallards before that ?
Old observations of mallard-weights might give clues
---------------------------------------
When the Spaniards brought chickens to Latin America in the 16th
century, the native fowl were demoted. Chicken became the food of
leisurely Sunday lunches, fancy dinner parties, weddings and
baptisms. Even in Mexico, where the indigenous turkey is still feast
food, chicken became the refined choice.
All chickens in the Americas have Old World roots. For example, the
famous Cuban Cubalaya, a shiny black fighting cock also bred for meat
and eggs, is a cross between breeds from the Philippines (by way of
Spain or Mexico) and Europe.
------------------------------
original index-near flu as seen in current US-mallards hardly come from chickens.
Flu in fowl mutates away from the index and once away, it apparantly doesn't
move back.
So were mallards with flu brought from Europe to America and it did spread there ?
(which didn't happen the last decades,century for the inner segments at least)
Or did flu exist in America before Columbus and then mixed with Eurasian flu,
killing ~90% of native Americans.
I think pandemics mainly happen when intercontinal flus mix their genes
first in mallards, then fowl or pigs, then humans. This mixing rarely happens
and maybe can be prevented.
gs from x.x.x.37 left this message 40 minutes ago:
Stubbs, E. L. (1965). Fowl plague. In Diseases of Poultry , pp. 813-822. Edited by H. E. Biester & L. H. Schwartz. Ames, IA:Iowa State University Press. ..."
gs from x.x.x.37 left this message 36 minutes ago:
The first description of avian influenza (AI) dates back to 1878 in northern Italy, when Perroncito [Perroncito E. Epizoozia tifoide nei gallinacei. Annali Accad Agri Torino 1878;21:87-126] described a contagious disease of poultry associated with high mortality. The disease, termed "fowl plague", was initially confused with the acute septicemic form of fowl cholera. However, in 1880, soon after its first description, Rivolta and Delprato [as reported by Stubbs E.L. Fowl pest, In: Biester HE, Devries L, editors. Diseases of poultry. 1st ed. Ames, IO: Iowa State College Press; 1943. p. 493-502] showed it to be different from fowl cholera, based on clinical and pathological properties, and called it Typhus exudatious gallinarum. In 1901, Centanni and Savunzzi [Centanni E, Savonuzzi E, La peste aviaria I & II, Communicazione fatta all'accademia delle scienze mediche e naturali de Ferrara, 1901] determined that fowl plague was caused by a filterable virus;
Flu in inner segments in wild birds evolves near an index and usually
doesn't go from poultry back to wild birds.
Avian flu evolves separately in America and Eurasia, no (few) mixing.
So, did it exist in American mallards before Columbus ?
Or how was it introduced, when even nowadays it doesn't go from
Eurasia to America.
Current American wild-bird-flu-segments 1,2,5 suggest a common
ancestor ~1900. Where did it come from ? Was there flu in American
mallards before that ?
Old observations of mallard-weights might give clues
---------------------------------------
When the Spaniards brought chickens to Latin America in the 16th
century, the native fowl were demoted. Chicken became the food of
leisurely Sunday lunches, fancy dinner parties, weddings and
baptisms. Even in Mexico, where the indigenous turkey is still feast
food, chicken became the refined choice.
All chickens in the Americas have Old World roots. For example, the
famous Cuban Cubalaya, a shiny black fighting cock also bred for meat
and eggs, is a cross between breeds from the Philippines (by way of
Spain or Mexico) and Europe.
------------------------------
original index-near flu as seen in current US-mallards hardly come from chickens.
Flu in fowl mutates away from the index and once away, it apparantly doesn't
move back.
So were mallards with flu brought from Europe to America and it did spread there ?
(which didn't happen the last decades,century for the inner segments at least)
Or did flu exist in America before Columbus and then mixed with Eurasian flu,
killing ~90% of native Americans.
I think pandemics mainly happen when intercontinal flus mix their genes
first in mallards, then fowl or pigs, then humans. This mixing rarely happens
and maybe can be prevented.
gs from x.x.x.37 left this message 40 minutes ago:
Stubbs, E. L. (1965). Fowl plague. In Diseases of Poultry , pp. 813-822. Edited by H. E. Biester & L. H. Schwartz. Ames, IA:Iowa State University Press. ..."
gs from x.x.x.37 left this message 36 minutes ago:
The first description of avian influenza (AI) dates back to 1878 in northern Italy, when Perroncito [Perroncito E. Epizoozia tifoide nei gallinacei. Annali Accad Agri Torino 1878;21:87-126] described a contagious disease of poultry associated with high mortality. The disease, termed "fowl plague", was initially confused with the acute septicemic form of fowl cholera. However, in 1880, soon after its first description, Rivolta and Delprato [as reported by Stubbs E.L. Fowl pest, In: Biester HE, Devries L, editors. Diseases of poultry. 1st ed. Ames, IO: Iowa State College Press; 1943. p. 493-502] showed it to be different from fowl cholera, based on clinical and pathological properties, and called it Typhus exudatious gallinarum. In 1901, Centanni and Savunzzi [Centanni E, Savonuzzi E, La peste aviaria I & II, Communicazione fatta all'accademia delle scienze mediche e naturali de Ferrara, 1901] determined that fowl plague was caused by a filterable virus;
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