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how would influenza have come to America ?
........
Over 90 species of birds live in both Asia and just the Aleutian Islands of North America.
Currently about 7 million birds annually migrate between Asia and the northwest side of North America.
Plenty of opportunity for mixing pathogens.
.
"The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation
it usually doesn't happen (for flu). No Asian viruses in NA or American
viruses in Asia are observed. (and uploaded)
Code:
nucleotide sequences Age Gender
CY012840 1703 Avian 4 (HA) H12N5 USA 2005/08/09 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/20/2005(H12N5)) Hatch year F
CY013263 1732 Avian 4 (HA) H3N6 USA 2005/08/08 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/53/2005(H3N6)) Hatch year M
CY015492 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/11 Influenza A virus (A/mallard/Alaska/256/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY015500 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/11 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/279/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY016180 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/10 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/211/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY016411 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/19 Influenza A virus (A/mallard/Alaska/715/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year M
CY017733 1701 Avian 4 (HA) H12N5 USA 2005/08/09 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/102/2005(H12N5)) Hatch year M
CY017741 1704 Avian 4 (HA) H4N6 USA 2005/08/11 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/310/2005(H4N6)) Hatch year F
CY017749 1705 Avian 4 (HA) H8N4 USA 2005/08/19 Influenza A virus (A/mallard/Alaska/708/2005(H8N4)) Hatch year F
CY017757 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/20 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/779/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY020877 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/08 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/49/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
it usually doesn't happen (for flu). No Asian viruses in NA or American
viruses in Asia are observed. (and uploaded)
Code:
nucleotide sequences Age Gender
CY012840 1703 Avian 4 (HA) H12N5 USA 2005/08/09 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/20/2005(H12N5)) Hatch year F
CY013263 1732 Avian 4 (HA) H3N6 USA 2005/08/08 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/53/2005(H3N6)) Hatch year M
CY015492 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/11 Influenza A virus (A/mallard/Alaska/256/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY015500 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/11 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/279/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY016180 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/10 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/211/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY016411 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/19 Influenza A virus (A/mallard/Alaska/715/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year M
CY017733 1701 Avian 4 (HA) H12N5 USA 2005/08/09 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/102/2005(H12N5)) Hatch year M
CY017741 1704 Avian 4 (HA) H4N6 USA 2005/08/11 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/310/2005(H4N6)) Hatch year F
CY017749 1705 Avian 4 (HA) H8N4 USA 2005/08/19 Influenza A virus (A/mallard/Alaska/708/2005(H8N4)) Hatch year F
CY017757 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/20 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/779/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
CY020877 1731 Avian 4 (HA) H3N8 USA 2005/08/08 Influenza A virus (A/pintail/Alaska/49/2005(H3N8)) Hatch year F
"The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation
<!--AuthorList-->Makarova NV, Kaverin NV, Krauss S, Senne D, Webster RG.
The D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia. finmed@glasnet.ru
</DD><DD class=abstract>
Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2 viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from shorebirds, ducks and poultry in North America and derived a phylogenetic tree to establish their interrelationships. This analysis confirmed the divergence of H2 HA into two geographical lineages, American and Eurasian. One group of viruses isolated from shorebirds in North America had HA belonging to the Eurasian lineage, indicating an interregional transmission of the H2 gene. Characterization of HA with a monoclonal antibody panel revealed that the antigenicity of the Delaware strains differed from the other avian strains analysed. The data emphasizes the importance of avian influenza surveillance.
</DD><DD class=abstract>
PMID: 10567648 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
</DD>
Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2 viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from shorebirds, ducks and poultry in …
"The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation
1: Virus Genes. 2004 Aug;29(1):81-6. <SCRIPT language=JavaScript1.2><!-- var Menu15215686 = [ ["UseLocalConfig", "jsmenu3Config", "", ""], ["Nucleotide" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=nuccore&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName= pubmed_nuccore&LinkReadableName=Nucleotide&IdsFrom Result=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.P Entrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_Discovery Panel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Taxonomy via GenBank" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=taxonomy&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName =pubmed_taxonomy_entrez&LinkReadableName=Taxonomy% 20via%20GenBank&IdsFromResult=15215686&ordinalpos= 1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_Result sPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus ' ", "", ""], ["Protein" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=protein&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName= pubmed_protein&LinkReadableName=Protein&IdsFromRes ult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEnt rez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPan el.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["PopSet" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=popset&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=p ubmed_popset&LinkReadableName=PopSet&IdsFromResult =15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez .Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel. Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Cited in PMC" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=pmc&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubm ed_pmc_refs&LinkReadableName=Cited%20in%20PMC&IdsF romResult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem 2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_Discov eryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["LinkOut", "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Cmd=ShowLinkOut&Db=pubmed&TermToSearch=1521 5686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubm ed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubme d_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""] ] --></SCRIPT>Links
<DD class=abstract> Interregional transmission of the internal protein genes of H2 influenza virus in migratory ducks from North America to Eurasia.
<!--AuthorList-->Liu JH, Okazaki K, Bai GR, Shi WM, Mweene A, Kida H.
Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, People' s Republic of China. ljh@cau.edu.cn
</DD><DD class=abstract>
H2 influenza virus caused a pandemic in 1957 and has the possibility to cause outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolutionary characteristics of H2 influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks that congregate in Hokkaido, Japan, on their flyway of migration from Siberia in 2001, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these viruses and avian and human viruses described previously. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PB2 gene of Dk/Hokkaido/107/01 (H2N3) and the PA gene of Dk/Hokkaido/95/01 (H2N2) belonged to the American lineage of avian virus and that the other genes of the isolates belonged to the Eurasian lineage. These results indicate that the internal protein genes might be transmitted from American to Eurasian avian host. Thus, it is further confirmed that interregional transmission of influenza viruses occurred between the North American and Eurasian birds. The fact that reassortants could be generated in the migratory ducks between North American and Eurasian avian virus lineage further stresses the importance of global surveillance among the migratory ducks.
</DD><DD class=abstract>
PMID: 15215686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
</DD>
H2 influenza virus caused a pandemic in 1957 and has the possibility to cause outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolutionary characteristics of H2 influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks that congregate in Hokkaido, Japan, on their flyway of migration from Siberia in 2001, we investigat …
"The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation
Prevalence of Influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds in Alaska: Patterns of variation in detection at a crossroads of intercontinental flyways
Hon S Ip,<SUP></SUP><SUP>1</SUP> Paul L Flint,<SUP>2</SUP> J Christian Franson,<SUP>1</SUP> Robert J Dusek,<SUP>1</SUP> Dirk V Derksen,<SUP>2</SUP> Robert E Gill, Jr,<SUP>2</SUP> Craig R Ely,<SUP>2</SUP> John M Pearce,<SUP>2</SUP> Richard B Lanctot,<SUP>3</SUP> Steven M Matsuoka,<SUP>3</SUP> David B Irons,<SUP>3</SUP> Julian B Fischer,<SUP>3</SUP> Russell M Oates,<SUP>3</SUP> Margaret R Petersen,<SUP>2</SUP> Thomas F Fondell,<SUP>2</SUP> Deborah A Rocque,<SUP>3</SUP> Janice C Pedersen,<SUP>4</SUP> and Thomas C Rothe<SUP>5</SUP>
<SUP></SUP>
<SUP>(snipped)</SUP> <SUP></SUP>
Of 16,797 birds sampled in Alaska between May 2006 and March 2007, low pathogenic avian influenza viruses were detected in 1.7%....
......
...we detected low pathogenic AI viruses in 293 birds...
.....
...189 low pathogenic viruses were detected by virus isolation...
..... Detection of AI in 4 eider species, whose populations from Asia and North America co-mingle annually in Alaska, suggests they may be important hosts for the intercontinental transport of these viruses.
"The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation
"The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation
yes, America <--> Eurasian or Australian interchanges happen, but
are surprisingly rare.
The HAs and NAs seem to mix more often, but of course only whole viruses travel.
Apparantly HA,NA reassort and survive in a new continent more frequently, while
inner segments are more bound to one continent
distribution of the genbank sequences of several types
(flugenome.org) to the continents
how would influenza have come to America ?
How jumped to humans without domesticated animals ?
How successfully spread without ships,horses ?
Why would not the Europeans be attacked by a
native American virus ?
Colonial era Europeans were trading with Africa, Asia, and Russia. They came in contact with more viruses and were more mobile. They had some immunity to the bugs they had already been exposed to for a few generations or more. The Native Americans did not have that luxury. It is possible they were exposed to new viruses in the Americas but the Europeans living in closely packed and unsanitary quarters, with domesticated animals, having inadequate medical treatment and with world wide trading networks may have had more opportunities and means than native Americans to pick up and transport viruses.
Considering the amount of death and suffering caused in Hawaii by the European childhood disease measles, a flu with low CFR in Europeans may have had a significantly higher CFR in Native Americans with little or no resistance.
We were put on this earth to help and take care of one another.
Guerra : Columbus put 8 sows with flu in his ship from the Canaries.
Columbis himself got sick on Dec.1493 but recovered.
Cook ("born to die") doubts that it was flu.
Lovell "heavy shadows and dark night"
Lovell, W. George (1992). “'Heavy Shadows and Dark Night': Disease and
Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America”. Annals of the AAG 82 (3): 426-443.
It was the age of exploration, the age of empire and conquest, and human beings were extending their reach—and their numbers—as never before. In the process, they were intervening in the world's natural environment in equally unprecedented and dramatic ways. A sweeping work of environmental history, The Unending Frontier offers a truly global perspective on the profound impact of humanity on the natural world in the early modern period. John F. Richards identifies four broadly shared historical processes that speeded environmental change from roughly 1500 to 1800 c.e.: intensified human land use along settlement frontiers; biological invasions; commercial hunting of wildlife; and problems of energy scarcity. The Unending Frontier considers each of these trends in a series of case studies, sometimes of a particular place, such as Tokugawa Japan and early modern England and China, sometimes of a particular activity, such as the fur trade in North America and Russia, cod fishing in the North Atlantic, and whaling in the Arctic. Throughout, Richards shows how humans—whether clearing forests or draining wetlands, transporting bacteria, insects, and livestock; hunting species to extinction, or reshaping landscapes—altered the material well-being of the natural world along with their own.
Influenza in America During the Sixteenth Century. Bulletin of the History of
Medicine. 8:296-302. McCary,. Ben C. 1957.
F. Webster McBryde, Influenza in America During the Sixteenth Century (Guatemala: 1523, 1559–62, 1576) [Notes and Comments], in: Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8, 1940, S. 296
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