New swine flu has avian flu genes

HenryN replied

December 19, 2007, 12:04 PM
Re: New swine flu has avian flu genes

Published online before print December 18, 2007
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0710286104

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MICROBIOLOGY
Identification of H2N3 influenza A viruses from swine in the United States
Wenjun Ma*,, Amy L. Vincent, Marie R. Gramer, Christy B. Brockwell,?, Kelly M. Lager, Bruce H. Janke*, Phillip C. Gauger, Devi P. Patnayak, Richard J. Webby, and J?rgen A. Richt,||
*Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN 55108; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38018; and ?Interdisciplinary Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
Communicated by Robert G. Webster, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, October 31, 2007 (received for review August 30, 2007)
Abstract
Although viruses of each of the 16 influenza A HA subtypes are potential human pathogens, only viruses of the H1, H2, and H3 subtype are known to have been successfully established in humans. H2 influenza viruses have been absent from human circulation since 1968, and as such they pose a substantial human pandemic risk. In this report, we isolate and characterize genetically similar avian/swine virus reassortant H2N3 influenza A viruses isolated from diseased swine from two farms in the United States. These viruses contained leucine at position 226 of the H2 protein, which has been associated with increased binding affinity to the mammalian 2,6Gal-linked sialic acid virus receptor. Correspondingly, the H2N3 viruses were able to cause disease in experimentally infected swine and mice without prior adaptation. In addition, the swine H2N3 virus was infectious and highly transmissible in swine and ferrets. Taken together, these findings suggest that the H2N3 virus has undergone some adaptation to the mammalian host and that their spread should be very closely monitored. 

avian | reassortant | interspecies transmission
<HR align=left width="50%" noShade SIZE=1>Footnotes

Author contributions: W.M., A.L.V., K.M.L. and J.A.R. designed research; W.M., A.L.V., M.R.G., C.B.B., K.M.L., B.H.J., P.C.G., D.P.P., R.J.W. and J.A.R. performed research; W.M., A.L.V., M.R.G., K.M.L., B.H.J., R.J.W. and J.A.R. analyzed data; and W.M., A.L.V., M.R.G., K.M.L., R.J.W. and J.A.R. wrote the paper. 
The authors declare no conflict of interest. ||To whom correspondence should be addressed at: National Animal Disease Center, 2300 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010. E-mail: juergen.richt@ars.usda.gov
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HenryN replied

December 19, 2007, 12:01 PM
Re: New swine flu has avian flu genes

New Swine Flu Has Avian Flu Genes

By Staff
(AXcess News) Washington - Researchers have identified a new strain of swine influenza--H2N3--which belongs to the group of H2 influenza viruses that last infected humans during the 1957 pandemic. This new strain has a molecular twist: It is composed of avian and swine influenza genes.
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) veterinarians Juergen Richt, Amy Vincent, Kelly Lager and Phillip Gauger conducted this research with Iowa State University (ISU) visiting scientist Wenjun Ma, ISU veterinarian Bruce Janke and other colleagues at the University of Minnesota and St. Jude Children?s Research Hospital. The ARS veterinarians work at the agency's National Animal Disease Center in Ames, Iowa.
The research team studied an unknown pathogen that in 2006 infected two groups of pigs at separate production facilities. Both groups of pigs used water obtained from ponds frequented by migrating waterfowl.
Molecular studies indicated the unknown pathogen was an H2N3 influenza virus that is closely related to an H2N3 strain found in mallard ducks. But this was the first time it had been observed in mammals.
Influenza viruses have eight gene segments, all of which can be swapped between different virus strains. Two of these gene segments code for virus surface proteins that help determine whether an influenza virus is able to infect a specific host and start replicating--the first step in the onset of influenza infection.
In the newly isolated swine H2N3, the avian H2 and N3 gene segments mixed with gene segments from common swine influenza viruses. This exchange--and additional mutations--gave the H2N3 viruses the ability to infect swine. Lab tests confirmed that this strain of H2N3 could also infect mice and ferrets.
These findings provide further evidence that swine have the potential to serve as a "mixing vessel" for influenza viruses carried by birds, pigs and humans. It also supports the need to continue monitoring swine--and livestock workers--for H2-subtype viruses and other influenza strains that might someday threaten swine and human health.
Results of this study were published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.

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HenryN started a topic New swine flu has avian flu genes

December 19, 2007, 11:35 AM
New swine flu has avian flu genes

<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD class=ArticleIssueNme>http://www.feedstuffs.com/ME2/dirmod...801939A3789CD9

New swine flu has avian flu genes
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<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>12/19/2007)</TD></TR><TR><TD>Tim Lundeen</TD></TR><TR><TD></TD></TR><TR><TD>Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers have identified a new strain of swine influenza -- H2N3 -- that belongs to the group of H2 influenza viruses that last infected humans during the 1957 pandemic. This new strain has a molecular twist: It is composed of avian and swine influenza genes.
ARS veterinarians Juergen Richt, Amy Vincent, Kelly Lager and Phillip Gauger conducted this research with Iowa State University (ISU) visiting scientist Wenjun Ma, ISU veterinarian Bruce Janke and other colleagues at the <?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = ST1 /><ST1:PLACE><ST1:PLACETYPE>University</ST1:PLACETYPE> of <ST1:PLACENAME>Minnesota</ST1:PLACENAME></ST1:PLACE> and St. Jude Children's <ST1:PLACE><ST1:PLACENAME>Research</ST1:PLACENAME> <ST1:PLACETYPE>Hospital</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE>. The ARS veterinarians work at the agency's <ST1:PLACE><ST1:PLACENAME>National</ST1:PLACENAME> <ST1:PLACENAME>Animal</ST1:PLACENAME> <ST1:PLACENAME>Disease</ST1:PLACENAME> <ST1:PLACETYPE>Center</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE> in <ST1:PLACE><ST1:CITY>Ames</ST1:CITY>, <ST1:STATE>Iowa</ST1:STATE></ST1:PLACE>.
The research team studied an unknown pathogen that in 2006 infected two groups of pigs at separate production facilities. Both groups of pigs used water obtained from ponds frequented by migrating waterfowl. Molecular studies indicated the unknown pathogen was an H2N3 influenza virus closely related to an H2N3 strain found in mallard ducks. However, this was the first time it had been observed in mammals.
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