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Alternative Names Return to top
Deerfly fever; Rabbit fever; Pahvant Valley plague; Ohara disease; Yatobyo (Japan); Lemming fever Definition Return to top
Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents. It is caused by the organism Francisella tularensis. Tularemia is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animal tissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes.
Causes Return to top
Humans can contract tularemia in the following ways:
Some people may develop an atypical pneumonia after infection. Risk factors include recent exposure to rabbits or a recent tick bite. The disease is very rare in the United States.
Francisella tularensis is considered a potential bioterrorism agent. An aerosol release would be a possible method of infection, and would result in pneumonia cases, beginning 1 - 10 days after exposure.
Symptoms Return to top
Treatment Return to top
The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotic treatment. Streptomycin and tetracycline are commonly used to treat this infection. Once daily gentamycin treatment has been tried with excellent results as an alternative therapy to streptomycin, though only a few cases have been studied to date.
Note: oral tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all their permanent teeth have erupted. It can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming.
Outlook (Prognosis) Return to top
Tularemia is fatal in about 5% of untreated cases, and in less than 1% of treated cases.
Possible Complications Return to topWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Return to top
Call your health care provider if symptoms develop after a rodent bite, tick bite, or exposure to the flesh of a wild animal.
Prevention Return to top
A vaccine is recommended for people at high risk (trappers, hunters, and laboratory workers who work with the organism).
Deerfly fever; Rabbit fever; Pahvant Valley plague; Ohara disease; Yatobyo (Japan); Lemming fever Definition Return to top
Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents. It is caused by the organism Francisella tularensis. Tularemia is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animal tissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes.
Causes Return to top
Humans can contract tularemia in the following ways:
- Direct contact, through a break in the skin, with an infected animal or its carcass
- The bite of an infected tick, horsefly, or mosquito
- Eating infected meat (rare)
Some people may develop an atypical pneumonia after infection. Risk factors include recent exposure to rabbits or a recent tick bite. The disease is very rare in the United States.
Francisella tularensis is considered a potential bioterrorism agent. An aerosol release would be a possible method of infection, and would result in pneumonia cases, beginning 1 - 10 days after exposure.
Symptoms Return to top
- Chills
- Enlarged lymph nodes of the groin or armpits
- Fever
- Headache
- Joint stiffness
- Muscle pains
- Possible conjunctivitis
- Red spot on the skin, enlarging to an ulcer
- Shortness of breath
- Sweating
- Weight loss
- Serology for tularemia
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test of a sample from an ulcer
- Blood culture for tularemia
- Chest x-ray
Treatment Return to top
The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotic treatment. Streptomycin and tetracycline are commonly used to treat this infection. Once daily gentamycin treatment has been tried with excellent results as an alternative therapy to streptomycin, though only a few cases have been studied to date.
Note: oral tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all their permanent teeth have erupted. It can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming.
Outlook (Prognosis) Return to top
Tularemia is fatal in about 5% of untreated cases, and in less than 1% of treated cases.
Possible Complications Return to topWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Return to top
Call your health care provider if symptoms develop after a rodent bite, tick bite, or exposure to the flesh of a wild animal.
Prevention Return to top
A vaccine is recommended for people at high risk (trappers, hunters, and laboratory workers who work with the organism).
