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J Infect Dis. Emergence of New Pandemic GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Strain Correlates with Escape from Herd Immunity
[Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]
Emergence of New Pandemic GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Strain Correlates with Escape from Herd Immunity
Kari Debbink 1, Lisa C. Lindesmith 2, Eric F. Donaldson 2, Veronica Costantini 3, Martina Beltramello 4, Davide Corti 4,5, Jesica Swanstrom 2, Antonio Lanzavecchia 4, Jan Vinj? 3 and Ralph S. Baric *,1,2
Author Affiliations: <SUP>1</SUP>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; <SUP>2</SUP>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; <SUP>3</SUP>Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA; <SUP>4</SUP>Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland; <SUP>5</SUP>Humabs Biomed SA, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
*Corresponding author: Ralph Baric, Phone (919) 966-3895, Fax (919) 966-0584, rbaric@email.unc.edu
Alternate Corresponding author: Kari Debbink, Phone (919) 843-8558, Fax (919) 966-0584, debbink@email.unc.edu
Abstract
Background.
GII.4 noroviruses are a significant source of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, causing the majority of human norovirus outbreaks. Evolution of the GII.4 major capsid protein occurs rapidly, resulting in the emergence of new strains that produce successive waves of pandemic disease. A new pandemic isolate, GII.4 2012 Sydney, largely replaced previously circulating strains in late 2012. We compare the antigenic properties of GII.4 2012 Sydney with previously circulating strains.
Methods.
To determine whether GII.4-2012 Sydney is antigenically different from recently circulating strains GII.4-2006 Minerva and GII.4-2009 New Orleans in previously identified blockade epitopes, we compared reactivity and blockade profiles of GII.4-2006, GII.4-2009, and GII.4-2012 virus like particles in surrogate neutralization/blockade assays using monoclonal antibodies and human polyclonal sera.
Results.
Using monoclonal antibodies that map to known blockade epitopes in GII.4-2006 and GII.4-2009 and human outbreak polyclonal sera, we demonstrate either complete loss or significantly reduced reactivity and blockade of GII.4.2012 compared to GII.4-2006 and GII.4-2009.
Conclusions.
GII.4-2012 Sydney is antigenically different from GII.4-2006 Minerva and GII.4-2009 New Orleans in at least two key blockade epitopes. Viral evolution in key potential neutralization epitopes likely allowed GII.4-2012 to escape from human herd immunity and emerge as the new predominant strain.
Received March 7, 2013. Revision received May 8, 2013. Accepted May 14, 2013.
? The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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Emergence of New Pandemic GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Strain Correlates with Escape from Herd Immunity
Kari Debbink 1, Lisa C. Lindesmith 2, Eric F. Donaldson 2, Veronica Costantini 3, Martina Beltramello 4, Davide Corti 4,5, Jesica Swanstrom 2, Antonio Lanzavecchia 4, Jan Vinj? 3 and Ralph S. Baric *,1,2
Author Affiliations: <SUP>1</SUP>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; <SUP>2</SUP>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; <SUP>3</SUP>Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA; <SUP>4</SUP>Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland; <SUP>5</SUP>Humabs Biomed SA, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
*Corresponding author: Ralph Baric, Phone (919) 966-3895, Fax (919) 966-0584, rbaric@email.unc.edu
Alternate Corresponding author: Kari Debbink, Phone (919) 843-8558, Fax (919) 966-0584, debbink@email.unc.edu
Abstract
Background.
GII.4 noroviruses are a significant source of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, causing the majority of human norovirus outbreaks. Evolution of the GII.4 major capsid protein occurs rapidly, resulting in the emergence of new strains that produce successive waves of pandemic disease. A new pandemic isolate, GII.4 2012 Sydney, largely replaced previously circulating strains in late 2012. We compare the antigenic properties of GII.4 2012 Sydney with previously circulating strains.
Methods.
To determine whether GII.4-2012 Sydney is antigenically different from recently circulating strains GII.4-2006 Minerva and GII.4-2009 New Orleans in previously identified blockade epitopes, we compared reactivity and blockade profiles of GII.4-2006, GII.4-2009, and GII.4-2012 virus like particles in surrogate neutralization/blockade assays using monoclonal antibodies and human polyclonal sera.
Results.
Using monoclonal antibodies that map to known blockade epitopes in GII.4-2006 and GII.4-2009 and human outbreak polyclonal sera, we demonstrate either complete loss or significantly reduced reactivity and blockade of GII.4.2012 compared to GII.4-2006 and GII.4-2009.
Conclusions.
GII.4-2012 Sydney is antigenically different from GII.4-2006 Minerva and GII.4-2009 New Orleans in at least two key blockade epitopes. Viral evolution in key potential neutralization epitopes likely allowed GII.4-2012 to escape from human herd immunity and emerge as the new predominant strain.
Received March 7, 2013. Revision received May 8, 2013. Accepted May 14, 2013.
? The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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