Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Acute Respiratory Disease Associated With Adenovirus Serotype 14?Four States, 2006-2007
JAMA. 2007;298(24):2859-2861.
MMWR. 2007;56:1181-1184
1 figure omitted
Adenovirus serotype 14 (Ad14) is a rarely reported but emerging serotype of adenovirus that can cause severe and sometimes fatal respiratory illness in patients of all ages, including healthy young adults. In May 2006, an infant in New York aged 12 days died from respiratory illness caused by Ad14. During March-June 2007, a total of 140 additional cases of confirmed Ad14 respiratory illness were identified in clusters of patients in Oregon, Washington, and Texas. Fifty-three (38%) of these patients were hospitalized, including 24 (17%) who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs); nine (5%) patients died. Ad14 isolates from all four states were identical by sequence data from the full hexon and fiber genes. However, the isolates were distinct from the Ad14 reference strain from 1955, suggesting the emergence and spread of a new Ad14 variant in the United States. No epidemiologic evidence of direct transmission linking the New York case or any of the clusters was identified. This report summarizes the investigation of these Ad14 cases by state and city health authorities, the U.S. Air Force, and CDC. State and local public health departments should be alert to the possibility of outbreaks caused by Ad14.
New York
In May 2006, a fatal case of Ad14 illness occurred in New York City in an infant girl aged 12 days. The infant was born after a full-term pregnancy and uncomplicated delivery. She was found dead in bed, where she had been sleeping. The infant had been examined 3 days after birth and noted to have lost weight but was otherwise healthy. The next week she had decreased tears with crying, suggesting early dehydration. Physical activity and feeding progressively decreased during the week before her death.
Postmortem tracheal and gastric swabs from the infant were sent to the Wadsworth Center laboratory of the New York State Department of Health, where adenovirus was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Adenovirus also was isolated by culture, confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and typed as Ad14 by antibody neutralization assay. Analysis at CDC identified the same unique genetic sequences in this isolate as were later identified in the Ad14 isolates from the three 2007 clusters.
Autopsy and histologic findings at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in New York City included presence in the lung of chronic inflammatory cells with intranuclear inclusions, consistent with adenoviral bronchiolitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Investigation by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has not identified any other local cases of Ad14 illness.
Oregon
In early April 2007, a clinician alerted the Oregon Public Health Division (OPHD) regarding multiple patients at a single hospital who had been admitted with a diagnosis of severe pneumonia during March 3?April 6. A total of 17 specimens were obtained from patients; 15 (88%) yielded isolates that were identified by CDC as Ad14. Through retrospective examination of laboratory reports from the three clinical laboratories in the state that have virology capacity and the Oregon State Public Health Laboratory (OSPHL), OPHD identified 68 persons who tested positive (by culture, PCR, or IFA) for adenovirus during November 1, 2006?April 30, 2007. Isolates from 50 (74%) of these patients were available for further adenovirus typing at either CDC or OSPHL. Of the 50 patient isolates, 31 (62%) were identified as Ad14, and 15 (30%) were identified as another adenovirus type; four (8%) did not test positive for adenovirus.
Among 30 Ad14 patients (i.e., all but one) whose medical charts were reviewed, 22 (73%) were male; median age was 53.4 years (range: 2 weeks?82 years). Five cases (17%) occurred in patients aged <5 years, and the remaining 20 (83%) occurred in patients aged >18 years. Twenty-two patients (73%) required hospitalization, sixteen (53%) required intensive care, and seven (23%) died, all from severe pneumonia. Median age of the patients who died was 63.6 years; five (71%) were male. One death occurred in an infant aged 1 month. Of the 30 Ad14 cases with patient residence information available, 28 (93%) occurred in residents of seven Oregon counties, and two cases occurred in residents of two Washington counties. No link was identified in hospitals or the community to explain transmission of Ad14 from one patient to another.
In comparison with the Ad14 patients, among the 12 adenovirus non-type 14 patients (i.e., all but three) whose medical charts were reviewed, nine (75%) were male. Median age was 1.1 years, and 11 (92%) patients were aged <5 years. Two (17%) adenovirus non-type14 patients required hospitalization; no ICU admissions or deaths were reported in this group.
Washington
On May 16, 2007, the Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department notified the Washington State Department of Health (WADOH) of four residents housed in one unit of a residential-care facility who had been hospitalized recently for pneumonia of unknown etiology. The patients were aged 40-62 years; three of the four were female. One patient had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); the three others had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All four were smokers.
The patients had initial symptoms of cough, fever, or shortness of breath during April 22?May 8, 2007. Three patients required intensive care and mechanical ventilation for severe pneumonia. After 8 days of hospitalization, the patient with AIDS died; the other patients recovered. Respiratory specimens from all four patients tested positive for adenovirus by PCR at the WADOH laboratory; isolates were available from three patients, and all three isolates were identified as Ad14 by CDC. Ad14 had last been identified in an isolate from a patient from Washington in May 2006, marking the first identification of Ad14 in the state since 2004. Active surveillance among facility residents and staff did not identify any other cases of Ad14 illness.
Texas
Since February 2007, an outbreak of cases of febrile respiratory infection* associated with adenovirus infection has been reported among basic military trainees at Lackland Air Force Base (LAFB). During an initial investigation, conducted from February 3 to June 23, out of 423 respiratory specimens collected and tested, 268 (63%) tested positive for adenovirus; 118 (44%) of the 268 were serotyped, and 106 (90%) of those serotyped were Ad14. Before this outbreak, the only identification of an Ad14 isolate at LAFB occurred in May 2006.1
During February 3?June 23, 2007, a total of 27 patients were hospitalized with pneumonia (median hospitalization: 3 days), including five who required admission to the ICU. One ICU patient required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for approximately 3 weeks and ultimately died. All 16 hospitalized patients from whom throat swabs were collected, including the five patients admitted to the ICU, tested positive for Ad14. Fifteen of these hospitalized patients tested negative for other respiratory pathogens, and one patient had a sputum culture that was positive for Haemophilus influenzae.
All health-care workers from hospital units where trainees had been admitted were offered testing for Ad14, regardless of history of respiratory illness. Of 218 health-care workers tested by PCR, six (3%) were positive for Ad14; five of the six reported direct contact with hospitalized Ad14 patients.
Prevention measures implemented during the outbreak included increasing the number of hand-sanitizing stations, widespread sanitizing of surfaces and equipment with appropriate disinfectants, increasing awareness of Ad14 among trainees and staff members, and taking contact and droplet precautions for hospitalized patients with Ad14. Beginning on May 26, trainees with febrile respiratory illness were confined to one dormitory and both patients and staff members were required to wear surgical masks.
Cases Reported Postinvestigation. Since the investigation, new cases of febrile respiratory illness have continued to occur at LAFB, but the weekly incidence has declined from a peak of 74 cases with onset during the week of May 27?June 2, to 55 cases with onset during the week of September 23-29 (the most recent period for which data were available). In addition, during March-September 2007, three other military bases in Texas that received trainees from LAFB reported a total of 220 cases of Ad14 illness (Air Force Institute for Operational Health, personal communication, 2007). However, whether Ad14 spread from LAFB to these three bases has not been determined. Ad14 also was detected in April in an eye culture from an outpatient in the surrounding community who had respiratory symptoms and conjunctivitis. No link between this case and the LAFB cases was identified.
Reported by:
Oregon Dept of Human Svcs. Washington State Dept of Health Communicable Diseases. 37th Training Wing, 59th Hospital Wing, Air Force Institute for Operational Health, Epidemic and Outbreak Surveillance, US Air Force. Naval Health Research Center, US Navy. Texas Dept of State Health Svcs. New York City Dept of Health and Mental Hygiene. Div of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Div of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases; Career Development Div, Office of Workforce and Career Development, CDC.
CDC Editorial Note:
Adenoviruses were first described in the 1950s and are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical illness, including conjunctivitis, febrile upper respiratory illness, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal disease. Severe illness can occur in newborn or elderly patients or in patients with underlying medical conditions but is generally not life-threatening in otherwise healthy adults. Adenoviruses are known to cause outbreaks of disease, including keratoconjunctivitis, and tracheobronchitis and other respiratory diseases among military recruits.2-3 Although adenovirus outbreaks in military recruits are well-recognized,3 infection usually does not require hospitalization and rarely requires admission to an ICU. Beyond the neonatal period, deaths associated with community-acquired adenovirus infection in persons who are not immunodeficient are uncommon and usually sporadic.
Fifty-one adenovirus serotypes have been identified.4 The cases described in this report are unusual because they suggest the emergence of a new and virulent Ad14 variant that has spread within the United States. Ad14 infection was described initially in 19555 and was associated with epidemic acute respiratory disease in military recruits in Europe in 19696 but has since been detected infrequently. For example, during 2001-2002, Ad14 was associated with approximately 8% of respiratory adenoviral infections in the pediatric ward of a Taiwan hospital, with approximately 40% of Ad14 cases in children aged 4-8 years manifesting as lower airway disease.7
The National Surveillance for Emerging Adenovirus Infections system includes military and civilian laboratories at 15 sites. During 2004-2007, this surveillance system detected 17 isolates of Ad14 from seven sites.8 Ten of the 17 isolates (60%) were collected from three military bases.8 Despite this surveillance, adenovirus infections often go undetected, because few laboratories routinely test for adenovirus and even fewer do serotyping. Wider circulation of Ad14 might have occurred in recent years and might still be occurring.
Further work is needed to understand the natural history of Ad14, risk factors for severe Ad14 disease, and how Ad14 transmission can be prevented effectively. Vaccines against adenovirus serotypes four and seven (i.e., Ad4 and Ad7) were used among military recruits during 1971-1999, before vaccines were no longer available. Adenoviral disease among U.S. military recruits subsequently increased.9 Ad4 and Ad7 oral vaccines have been redeveloped and are being evaluated in clinical trials. Work is ongoing to determine whether the new Ad4 and Ad7 vaccines will protect against Ad14 infection. Management of adenoviral infections is largely supportive. A number of antiviral drugs, including ribavirin, vidarabine, and cidofovir, have been used to treat adenoviral infections such as Ad14, but none have shown definitive efficacy against adenoviruses.2
Control of adenovirus outbreaks can be challenging because these viruses can be shed in both respiratory secretions and feces and can persist for weeks on environmental surfaces. Guidelines for the care of patients with pneumonia10 should be followed in cases of suspected adenoviral pneumonia.
Clinicians with questions related to testing of patients for adenovirus or Ad14 infection should contact their state health departments, which can provide assistance. State health departments and military facilities should contact CDC to report unusual clusters of severe adenoviral disease or cases of Ad14 or to obtain additional information regarding laboratory testing.
*Defined as (1) fever 100.5?F (38.1?C) plus at least one other sign or symptom of respiratory illness or (2) diagnosis of pneumonia.
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Killer Cold Virus: Questions, Answers
Despite New Ad14 Bug's Fatal Potential, Most Get Mild Illness
By Daniel J. DeNoon
WebMD Medical NewsReviewed by Louise Chang, MDNov. 20, 2007 -- It's been deadly for 10 Americans -- but most people who catch the new strain of Ad14 "killer cold virus" get only a mild illness, the CDC says.
Here's the main thing the federal health agency wants you to know: The new strain of Ad14 certainly can cause very serious disease. But it's not nearly as deadly as other bugs that circulate every winter.
Nobody knows how many more people will die from Ad14 this year -- if any. But the number is sure to be vastly smaller than the average year's toll of 36,000 deaths from flu and 11,000 deaths from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
What do we need to know about the new virus this winter? WebMD spoke with the CDC's Larry J. Anderson, MD, chief of the division of viral and rickettsial diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases.
What are the symptoms of infection with the new Ad14 virus?
Anderson: "First, people should know that this is one of the adenoviruses, which can cause a wide range of things. Probably the most common is respiratory illness. This means there is a kind of layering of symptoms. First there are the symptoms of a common cold, but possibly with a fever: runny nose, sore throat, and cough. Then there may be the more severe symptoms of lower respiratory involvement: productive cough, shortness of breath.
"Almost all the 51 types of adenovirus can cause the full range of symptoms -- and so can rhinovirus, a different cold virus. What is unusual about Ad14 is the severity of symptoms. It is not that the other adenoviruses can't do this, they just don't do it this often."
Does everyone who catches Ad14 get a serious illness?
Anderson: "In the outbreak at Lackland Air Force Base, the vast majority of individuals infected with Ad14 had the more mild end of the spectrum of illness. They tended to have fever with cold, but only the minority of individuals were hospitalized. In our preliminary analysis of data from an investigation looking at recruits over the course of the six and a half weeks of military training, a little over 150 or 160 people -- about half -- got infected with Ad14. Maybe 5% had no symptoms, but nobody was hospitalized in that group.
"That is reassuring. And if you think about the epidemic in Oregon, we saw that the cases were not linked to one another. That means the virus had to have spread out in a variety of places. A lot of other people must have been infected for it to spread that broadly. This means that many people were infected that weren't all that ill."
With Ad14 possibly circulating this winter, is there anything people should do when they come down with a cold or flu-like illness?
Anderson: "Do what you usually do. Ad14 really should not change the way you look at respiratory illness this season at all. If you think about relative risk, flu regularly causes more than 30,000 deaths. RSV is a much greater risk in the young child. And rhinoviruses are likely to cause a lot more disease than Ad14. That's because this is an uncommon infection, and the more common infections will be much more of a problem.
"Now here's what you can do. Get your flu vaccination. Get your pneumococcal vaccination. And observe good hygiene -- this means frequent hand washing, and covering your mouth whenever you cough or sneeze."
Let's say my spouse or my child gets cold or flu symptoms. When is it time to call a doctor?
Anderson: "The things to watch out for are persistent fever, a fever that keeps getting higher, or any trouble breathing. It is a matter of symptoms getting more severe -- and when you reach the point of needing medical attention depends on the age and underlying physical condition of the person who is ill."
The earliest victim of this new virus was a baby. What's the message to parents in terms of watching a child with a runny nose or a cold?
Anderson: "Small children always have a runny nose. And there is a whole host of things that can become more severe in the infant; Ad14 is just one of those. Particularly in a young infant, the criteria that you use to decide whether to check with a doctor are different in different situations. For example, in this New York child that died, lethargy and poor feeding were an indication of a more severe illness.
"Really, it is hard to tell. But a mother knows when her child is sick. If you think your child is sick, consult a doctor. It does no harm for a new mother who is not experienced just to call a doctor when she's not sure, just to check in."
How can you know if you have an Ad14 infection?
Anderson: "If you have a serious case of pneumonia, it could be Ad14. Then your doctor should check with the local health department. Ad14 needs to be included in the list of possible causes of severe pneumonia -- but it is not the situation where you have a test and are scared because it's Ad14. Because if you had Ad14 and a cold, you would not do anything different unless you got sicker. So you treat and monitor a flu-like illness based on the severity of clinical symptoms. Suspecting that is it Ad14 doesn't tell you your illness is bad. But if it is bad, your doctor may suspect Ad14 as one of several possible causes."
Is there any particular treatment for Ad14 illness?
Anderson: "There is no antiviral drug licensed or known to be effective for adenovirus infections. Treatment is specific to the symptoms. If a person is having trouble breathing, that patient may be intubated in really severe cases."
Who is most at risk of Ad14 infection and severe illness?
Anderson: "Adenoviruses have been a problem for military recruits for a long time. Ad3, Ad4, Ad7, sometimes Ad21, now Ad14. That appears to be a problem because of crowding together in open-floor dorms, and it is possibly related to stress and physical exertion. But this has been going on for a long time.
"Otherwise we don't know a lot about Ad14. We have not been watching it that long. What we do know, if we look at the individuals that had more severe disease, it is the young infant and the older patient. Infants are at risk of a number of infections because they are small, they have immature immune systems, and they are not as good as adults are at fighting off infections. But non-military cases were in older patients. So this gets down to the same groups that would be at risk for flu or other respiratory pathogens.
"The real message is that clinician and public-health folks, when they thinking about patients with pneumonia for which they don't know the cause, to keep Ad14 on the suspect list of pathogens that may be causing the illness. This is important not so much for the individual person as for public health measures."
Does the CDC expect Ad14 to become a bigger public health problem?
Anderson: "We don't know if it is going to be a bigger problem. We had this cluster in Oregon, which for the broader public health community is the one that stands out. But we have not had reports of other clusters of cases like this. This probably means there have not been any other major clusters of cases. One reason we put out the MMWR report is to alert public health officials so we can see whether this is a wider problem. That we have not heard anything more suggests it is not a major public health problem like flu or RSV.
"So is Ad14 something I should be alarmed about? The answer is no. Doctors should keep it in mind when making a diagnosis, but there is nothing different for people to do."
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
CommentaryOriginally posted by niman View Post
Adenovirus Serotype 14 Spread in Civilian Hospitals in Oregon
Recombinomics Commentary
November 19, 2007
First encountered in 2005 in Oregon, the viral pneumonia frequently leads to hospitalization and has a 20% fatality rate, Paul Lewis, M.D., of the Oregon State Public Health Department, said at the Infectious Diseases Society of America meeting.
Recognition of the adenoviral pneumonia began with four patients hospitalized simultaneously at a Portland hospital. Upon comparing notes with physicians at area hospitals, Dr. Lewis and colleagues "almost fell out of our chairs because every hospital we called had recent severe and fatal cases of adenovirus disease."
The above comments from a conference report add additional detail for the civilian cases described in the Friday?s MMWR. More details are in the meeting presentation of Dr Lewis.
Although the largest number of confirmed Adenovirus type 14 (Ad14) cases was in the northwest region of the US (Oregon and Washington), detection at military training centers was noted in early 2006. The centers were located throughout the US and Ad14 detection rose to 100% of samples at MCRD San Diego in California, MCRD Parris Island in South Carolina, and Lackland AFB in Texas. The high frequency of detection has remained high at Lackland where a 19 year old recruit has died after hospitalization for four months.
Partial sequencing of samples collected in 2006 and 2007 indicate the same Ad14 virus was involved in all regions. The case numbers rose in the winter early spring in the locations with the largest number of cases, raising concerns of a significant outbreak in the upcoming months.
Although the number of fatal cases in young trainees was low, the case fatality rate for middle aged civilians was above 20%.
The emergence and spread of Ad14 remains a cause for concern.
Ad14 EmergenceLeave a comment:
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Commentary at
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Originally posted by DutchyLeave a comment:
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
To translate for us laypeopleOriginally posted by niman View Post
tachypnea = abnormally fast breathing - respiratory rate that is too rapid
hypoxia = a shortage of oxygen in the body
hypotension = an abnormally low blood pressureLeave a comment:
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
The most common clinical features leading to diagnosis of adenovirus 14 disease were fever (~80%), tachypnea (75% to 80%), hypoxia (~50%), and hypotension (40% to 45%). Chest x-rays were abnormal in 23 of 24 cases. Radiographic progression was common, including single-lobe disease to multilobe in 55% of cases and lobar disease to adult respiratory distress syndrome in 45%.Originally posted by vinny View PostLeave a comment:
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Power point of Paul Lewis presentation
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
IDSA: Outbreak of Severe Pneumonia Traced to Adenovirus 14
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD class=credit vAlign=top>By Charles Bankhead, Staff Writer, MedPage Today
Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD; Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
October 09, 2007
</TD></TR><TR><TD></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=570 border=0><TBODY><TR><TD class=text vAlign=top>SAN DIEGO, Oct. 9 -- A potentially deadly form of community-acquired pneumonia linked to adenovirus type 14 has emerged in the Pacific northwest, according to a report presented here.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O> Action Points- <LI class=app>Explain to interested patients that a severe form of community-acquired pneumonia has been associated with a previously uncommon form of viral infection.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
<LI class=app>Note that most cases reported thus far have been in Oregon, but that does not exclude the possibility that the virus is infecting people in other parts of the country.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O> - Point out that the findings were reported at a medical conference and as a published abstract and should be considered preliminary until they have appeared in a peer-reviewed journal.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>First encountered in 2005 in Oregon, the viral pneumonia frequently leads to hospitalization and has a 20% fatality rate, Paul Lewis, M.D., of the Oregon State Public Health Department, said at the Infectious Diseases Society of America meeting.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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"We recommend obtaining a viral culture in pneumonia patients who lack a specific etiology, especially those with severe disease," said Dr. Lewis. "If adenovirus 14 is detected, anticipate a stormy course. We encourage an infectious disease consultation to discuss the risks and benefits of any specific therapy that might be contemplated."<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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Recognition of the adenoviral pneumonia began with four patients hospitalized simultaneously at a Portland hospital. Upon comparing notes with physicians at area hospitals, Dr. Lewis and colleagues "almost fell out of our chairs because every hospital we called had recent severe and fatal cases of adenovirus disease."<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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Investigators followed up the informal communication with a systematic review of all cases of adenovirus disease identified by Oregon clinical laboratories from November 2006 to April 2007. Six months of active surveillance revealed what appeared to be a winter-spring predominant adenovirus disease, as the number of reported cases increased from January through April.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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Isolates from the sickest patients were sent to the CDC, which found that almost all the cases involved adenovirus 14, a serotype identified more than 50 years ago but rarely detected since then and never in association with outbreaks.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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Dr. Lewis and colleagues at the state health department reviewed analyzed specimens dating back to 1993 and found a few cases of adenoviral disease almost every year. Beginning in 2005 adenovirus 14 was the predominant serotype identified.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
Comparison of 31 patients with adenovirus 14 disease and 14 patients with other adenovirus serotypes showed that adenovirus 14 tended to infect older men (median age 52.9), and almost half the cases involved smokers. Most strikingly, adenovirus 14 was associated with a hospitalization odds ratio of 15.9 compared with other adenovirus serotypes.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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The most common clinical features leading to diagnosis of adenovirus 14 disease were fever (~80%), tachypnea (75% to 80%), hypoxia (~50%), and hypotension (40% to 45%). Chest x-rays were abnormal in 23 of 24 cases. Radiographic progression was common, including single-lobe disease to multilobe in 55% of cases and lobar disease to adult respiratory distress syndrome in 45%.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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All patients received broad-spectrum antibiotics. Dr. Lewis said 22 of the 31 patients with adenovirus 14 disease were hospitalized, and 16 required ICU care. Median hospital and ICU length of stay was seven days. Of the patients treated in the ICU, 13 required ventilatory support and eight had severe hypotension requiring pressor drugs. Seven patients (22%) died.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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Risk factors for death or ICU care were a creatinine level greater than 1.2 mg/dL, lymphocyte count less than 100 ?L, and coinfection with another pathogen. None of those factors remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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"This came out of nowhere in 2005 in Oregon," said Dr. Lewis. Acknowledging that almost all of the cases have involved severe illness, he agreed that the scope of the problem could be much larger and involve a broader spectrum of illness severity.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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<TABLE style="BORDER-RIGHT: #8dabbc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: #8dabbc 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #8dabbc 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #8dabbc 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: arial; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dbe9f2" cellSpacing=0 hspace="1"><TBODY><TR><TD>Dr. Lewis reported no conflicts. David Gilbert, M.D., an investigator in the study, disclosed consulting relationships with Schering-Plough and Pfizer and speaker fees from Merck, Wyeth, and GlaxoSmithKline.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
Primary source: Infectious Diseases Society of America
Source reference:
Lewis P, et al. "Adenovirus 14: a new cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia." Infectious Diseases Society of America 45<SUP>th</SUP> Annual Meeting. Oct. 4-7, 2007. San Diego. Final Program and Abstracts. Abstract LB-5.
</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>Leave a comment:
- <LI class=app>Explain to interested patients that a severe form of community-acquired pneumonia has been associated with a previously uncommon form of viral infection.<O p="#DEFAULT"></O>
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Volume 17 | Number 2 | Summer 2007
EIN Members Reporting Unusual Adenovirus Pneumonia Activity
Four cases of adenovirus pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation, including one death, have been reported by a member of IDSA?s Emerging Infections Network (EIN) in Oregon. The member asks, ?Is our experience unique or is there an outbreak of adenovirus pneumonia??
For background, the member wrote, ?Pneumonia due to adenovirus is/has been a big problem in neonatal intensive care units (ICUs), transplant patients, and other immunocompromised patients. In 2001,two fatal cases of adenovirus in previously healthy adults were reported (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5026a1.htm). ?The latest patient required prone ventilation and appears to slowly be getting better with cidofovir therapy.?
Members responded:
Utah: ?In our children?s hospital, virtually all patients with pneumonia are tested for respiratory viruses with a 6-(now 7-) valent direct fluorescent assay with culture back-up. We typically see adenovirus pneumonia in healthy kids every year, some severe. We have a moderate increase this year with about 15-20 isolates per week compared to the usual 6-10.
?We pulled together the clinical experience a few years back (Pediatrics 2004;113:51-56- http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/1/e51).?
Iowa: ?You are not alone in your experience. We are helping a number of U.S. clinicians and laboratorians investigate recent unusual morbidity due to adenovirus infections. We have received recent typing requests from a number of states:MO, IL, CT, NY, and MN. We are working to identify the distribution of strains associated with severe disease.?
Atlanta: ?We have seen a number of outbreaks in chronic care facilities that may provide some insight. We suspect that these outbreaks are related to feeding tubes or intubation that provides a route to inoculate virus directly into the lungs.
Studies from the ?50s demonstrated that the route of administration for some serotypes can determine disease outcome, i.e., oral is asymptomatic and small particle aerosol is associated with lower respiratory tract disease.?
Puerto Rico: ?Adenovirus serotypes 4, 7, and 3 infections causing acute respiratory disease, including fatal pneumonias, among healthy military recruits have been well-described. Any underlying immunologic deficiency in this population has been unexplored. Stress and crowding have been invoked as the explanation.?
Thread originator: ?If there is a military connection, it seems unlikely that cases will be limited to Oregon. Testing of specimens revealed that all are adenovirus type 14. This is an unexpected finding, as it is a very rare serotype.?
For more about EIN, visit the IDSA website, www.idsociety.org, and click on the ?EIN? icon on the right side of the page.
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
USA (Oregon): Adenovirus 14-associated pneumonia
A potentially deadly form of community acquired pneumonia linked to adenovirus type 14 has emerged in the Pacific Northwest. First encountered in 2005 in Oregon, the viral pneumonia frequently leads to hospitalization and has a 20 per cent fatality rate, Paul Lewis of the Oregon State Public Health Department said at the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) meeting. "We recommend obtaining a viral culture in pneumonia patients who lack a specific etiology, especially those with severe disease," said Dr Lewis. Recognition of the adenoviral pneumonia began with 4 patients hospitalized simultaneously at a Portland hospital. Upon comparing notes with physicians at area hospitals, Dr Lewis and colleagues "almost fell out of our chairs because every hospital we called had recent severe and fatal cases of adenovirus disease." Investigators followed up the communication with a systematic review of all cases of adenovirus disease identified by Oregon clinical laboratories from Nov 2006 to Apr 2007. 6 months of active surveillance revealed what appeared to be a winter-spring predominant adenovirus disease, as the number of reported cases increased from Jan through Apr. Isolates from the sickest patients were sent to CDC, which found that almost all the cases involved adenovirus 14, a serotype identified more than 50 years ago but rarely detected since then and never in association with outbreaks.
Lewis et al. at the state health department reviewed specimens dating back to 1993 and found a few cases of adenoviral disease almost every year. Beginning in 2005, adenovirus 14 was the predominant serotype identified. Comparison of 31 patients with adenovirus 14 disease and 14 patients with other adenovirus serotypes showed that adenovirus 14 tended to infect older men (median age 52.9), and almost half the cases involved smokers. Most strikingly, adenovirus 14 was associated with a hospitalization odds ratio of 15.9 compared with other adenovirus serotypes. Chest x-rays were abnormal in 23 of 24 cases. All patients received broad spectrum antibiotics. Dr Lewis said 22 of the 31 patients with adenovirus 14 disease were hospitalized, and 16 required ICU (intensive care unit) care. 7 patients (22 per cent) died.
(Promed 10/10/07)
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Lackland at 100% Ad14
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
Parris Island Adeno Cases
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
NHRC Febrile Respiratory Illness Surveillance Update
For the week ending 10 November:
? Adenovirus remains the predominant cause of febrile respiratory illness among recruits. Type 21 adenovirus was responsible for elevated FRI rates at CGTC Cape May that began in July and continue to date. Emergence of type 14 adenovirus (Ad14) was responsible for increased FRI rates and pneumonia cases at Lackland AFB and MCRD Parris Island. Four other training centers had recent Ad14 activity at lower levels; however, Ad14 activity at these 4 sites stopped by late August.
? FRI surveillance at eight U.S. military basic training centers indicated substantially elevated FRI rates at Naval Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes; and Coast Guard Training Center, Cape May.
? Influenza - Laboratory testing during the past week identified zero new influenza cases.
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Re: Adenovirus 14 - CDC: New Respiratory Bug Has Killed 10
NHRC Febrile Respiratory Illness Surveillance Update
For the week ending 27 October:
? Adenovirus remains the predominant cause of febrile respiratory illness among recruits. Type 21 adenovirus was responsible for elevated FRI rates at CGTC Cape May that began in July and continue to date. Emergence of type 14 adenovirus (Ad14) was responsible for increased FRI rates and pneumonia cases at Lackland AFB and MCRD Parris Island. Four other training centers had recent Ad14 activity at lower levels; however, Ad14 activity at these 4 sites stopped by late August.
? FRI surveillance at eight U.S. military basic training centers indicated moderately elevated FRI rates at Ft. Benning, and Ft. Leonard Wood and substantially elevated FRI rates at Naval Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes; and Coast Guard Training Center.
? Influenza - Laboratory testing during the past week identified zero new influenza cases.
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