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FAO H7N9 situation update October 03, 2018

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  • FAO H7N9 situation update October 03, 2018

    H7N9 situation update

    03 October 2018, 17:00 hours; Rome

    The next update will be issued on 07 November 2018

    Disclaimer

    Information provided herein is current as of the date of issue. Information added or changed since the last H7N9 situation update appears in red. Human cases are depicted in the geographic location of their report. For some cases, exposure may have occurred in one geographic location but reported in another. For cases with unknown onset date, reporting date was used instead. FAO compiles information drawn from multiple national (Ministries of Agriculture or Livestock, Ministries of Health, Provincial Government websites; Centers for Disease Prevention and Control [CDC]) and international sources (World Health Organization [WHO], World Organisation for Animal Health [OIE]) as well as peer-reviewed scientific articles. FAO makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, accuracy, completeness or authenticity of the information. The designation employed and the presentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.


    Overview

    Hazard: Influenza A(H7N9) virus with pandemic potential.
    Country: China; imported cases in Malaysia (1) and Canada (2).
    Number of human cases: 1,567 confirmed; 615 deaths (since February 2013).
    Please note that no human cases were reported since the last update (05 September).
    Nevertheless, total case numbers were adjusted at the end of wave 6 based on WHO DON.

    New findings in birds / environment since last update (05 September 2018): 0

    New human cases since last update (05 September 2018): 0 Map. Human cases and positive findings in birds or the environment

    Click to enlarge - Note: Human cases are depicted in the geographic location where they were reported; for some cases, exposure may have occurred in a different geographic location. Regarding the fifth wave (October 2016-September 2017), precise location of 20 human cases in Guangdong (1), Guangxi (1), Hebei (3), Hunan (1), Hubei (1), Jiangsu (1), Jiangxi (5), Zhejiang (2) and unknown (5) Provinces are currently not known, these cases are therefore not shown on the map.


    Provinces/municipalities affected: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai and TianjinMunicipalities; Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan and Zhejiang Provinces; Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR; Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia Hui, Tibet and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regions (China); Sabah (Malaysia); British Columbia (Canada).

    Highly pathogenic virus findings: Since 10 January 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) type H7N9 virus was detected in a total of 58 poultry or environmental samples (46chickens, 2 duck and 10 environmental samples); H7N9 virus isolates from 32 human cases were found to be HPAI virus.


    Table. Number of locations testing positive for H7N9 HPAI virus (n=43) in birds and/or the environment, by province and sampling site as of 05 September 2018.
    Province
    LBM*
    Farm
    Backyard
    Airport
    Total
    Anhui
    1
    1
    Fujian
    1
    1
    Guangdong
    22
    22
    Guangxi
    1
    1
    Hebei
    1
    1
    Heilongjiang
    1
    1
    Henan
    1
    1
    Hunan
    3
    1
    1
    5
    Liaoning 0 1 0 0 1
    Inner Mongolia
    2
    2
    Ningxia Hui
    2
    2
    Shaanxi
    2
    2
    Shanxi
    1
    1
    Tianjin
    1
    1
    Unknown
    1
    1
    TOTAL
    26
    15
    1
    1
    43
    *LBM: live bird market

    Situation update

    Animals

    No new official information were reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China since the last update of 05 September 2018.
    Animal/environmental findings: Since 4 April 2013 around 2500 virological samples from the environment, chickens, pigeons, ducks, turkeys, a tree sparrow and a magpie robin tested positive; positives mainly from live bird markets, vendors and some commercial or breeding farms.
    Figure 1. Number of positive virological samples from birds or the environment, by province and origin as of 03 October 2018. Data include both high and low pathogenic H7N9 viruses.

    Click to enlarge

    Figure 2. Distributions of low* and highly pathogenic H7N9 virologically positive samples (nLPAI=246; nHPAI=43) collected from birds or the environment, by sampling location, between October 2016 and 03 Ocotber 2018. Samples from the same location and time are grouped.

    Click to enlarge - *may contain unconfirmed HPAI at the time of publishing

    Figure 3. Distributions of low* and highly pathogenic H7N9 virologically positive samples (nLPAI=280; nHPAI=49) collected from birds or the environment, by sample origin between October 2016 and 03 October 2018. Samples from the same origin, location and time are grouped.
    Click to enlarge - *may contain unconfirmed HPAI at the time of publishing


    Humans

    • Since the last update (05 September 2018), no human cases were reported.
    • For detailed informationon human cases, please refer to WHO report.
    Figure 4. Number of officially reported human cases since February 2013 as of 03 October 2018. Data include both high and low pathogenic H7N9 viruses

    Click to enlarge

    Figure 5. Incidence of officially reported human cases by month, based on onset date from October 2013 (Beginning of wave 2) to 03 October 2018. Both high and low pathogenic H7N9 viruses are included.

    Click to enlarge - Note: For cases with unknown onset dates from wave 2 (n=2), wave 3 (n=146), wave 4 (n=27) and wave 5 (n=55), reporting dates were used instead.

    For a phylogenetic tree of H7N9 viruses isolated please click here. Acknowledgements:WHO report?Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness? ? September 2017 [reference].

    Publications
    • Shi, J., Deng, G., Ma, S., Zeng, X., Yin, X., Li, M., [?], & Chen, H. Rapid Evolution of H7N9 Highly Pathogenic Viruses that Emerged in China in 2017. Cell, Host & Microbe, 2018. [reference]. This study aimed at monitoring H7N9 virus evolution and vaccine efficacy. Upon collection of 53,884 poultry samples across China from February 2017 to January 2018, 252 H7N9 low pathogenic viruses, 69 H7N9 highly pathogenic viruses, and one H7N2 highly pathogenic virus were isolated. Genetic analysis of highly pathogenic strains revealed nine genotypes, one of which is predominant and widespread and contains strains exhibiting high virulence in mice. Additionally, some H7N9 and H7N2 viruses carrying duck virus genes were shown to be lethal in ducks (see table 2 of the article).
    • Hatta, M., Zhong, G., Chiba, S., Lopes, T. J. S., Neumann, G., & Kawaoka, Y. Effectiveness of Whole, Inactivated, Low Pathogenicity Influenza A(H7N9) Vaccine against Antigenically Distinct, Highly Pathogenic H7N9 Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(10), 1910?1913. [reference]. This study showed that ferrets vaccinated with low pathogenic H7N9 virus vaccine do not develop severe symptoms after infection with an antigenically distinct, highly pathogenic H7N9 virus. Results demonstrate protective benefits of this H7N9 vaccine.
    • Li, L., DeLiberto, T.J., Killian, M.L., Torchetti, M.K., & Wan, X.F. Evolutionary pathway for the 2017 emergence of a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus among domestic poultry in Tennessee, United States. Virology, 2018 September 17;525:32-39. [reference]. In March 2017, a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was detected at two commercial broiler breeder facilities in Tennessee, United States. In this study, a wild bird low pathogenic avian influenza A virus, was shown to be the probable precursor of the novel H7N9 virus; this low pathogenic virus has eight possible progenitor genes sharing > 99% sequence identity with the novel H7N9 virus. Phylogeographic analyses showed that viral gene constellations that formed and circulated among dabbling ducks contributed to the emergence of the novel H7N9 virus. [Note: the H7N9 virus strain isolated in the US is genetically not related to the Chinese strain].
    FAO actions
    • A webinar entitled ?Pros and cons of avian influenza vaccination? was presented by Leslie Sims on 14 May 2018 with technical support from FAO HQ. A recording of the webinar is available [link].
    • FAO published a risk assessment update entitled, ?Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza: spread in poultry and human exposure? [reference]
    • FAO guidance and risk assessments are available on a dedicated website [link]
    • Liaise with China and partners, monitor situation, monitor virus evolution, conduct market chain analysis, risk assessment, surveillance guidance and communication.
    FAO?s support to countries

    http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/progra...on_update.html
    "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
    -Nelson Mandela
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