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Malaysia - Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in backyard birds in Kelantan

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  • Malaysia - Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in backyard birds in Kelantan

    Highly pathogenic avian influenza,
    Malaysia
    Information received on 08/03/2017 from Dr Bin Md Isa Kamarudin, Director General, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, Putrajaya, Malaysia
    Summary
    Report type Immediate notification
    Date of start of the event 28/02/2017
    Date of confirmation of the event 06/03/2017
    Report date 08/03/2017
    Date submitted to OIE 08/03/2017
    Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
    Date of previous occurrence 10/06/2007
    Manifestation of disease Clinical disease
    Causal agent Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
    Serotype H5N1
    Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
    This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
    New outbreaks (1)
    Outbreak 1 (JPVNK/600/B/04/08/JLD(2)) Kg.Pulau Tebu, Tunjong, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
    Date of start of the outbreak 28/02/2017
    Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
    Epidemiological unit Backyard
    Affected animals
    Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered
    Birds 26 16 15 11 0
    Affected population Village chickens at backyard farm
    Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1
    Total animals affected
    Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered
    Birds 26 16 15 11 0
    Outbreak statistics
    Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost*
    Birds 61.54% 57.69% 93.75% 100.00%
    *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter
    Epidemiology
    Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
    • Unknown or inconclusive
    Control measures
    Measures applied
    • Movement control inside the country
    • Screening
    • Disinfection / Disinfestation
    • Quarantine
    • Surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone
    • Stamping out
    • Vaccination prohibited
    • No treatment of affected animals
    Measures to be applied
    • No other measures
    Diagnostic test results
    Laboratory name and type Species Test Test date Result
    Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) Ipoh (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 06/03/2017 Positive
    Future Reporting
    The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
    ...
    "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
    -Nelson Mandela

  • #2
    No human infection in H5N1 cases in Kelantan - Health Ministry

    Published on March 09, 2017 17:46 MYT

    KUALA LUMPUR: The Health Ministry today confirmed that there have been no H5N1 avian flu infection in humans thus far, even though there are cases of infected chickens in Kelantan.

    Health Minister Datuk Seri Dr S. Subramaniam said the situation was under control by the Kelantan Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) that all avian species within a 2km radius were being culled to ensure that the disease does not spread.

    "Until now there are no reports of humans having been infected by the virus. It is still limited to livestock in the area and there are also no reports of it spreading to other areas," he told reporters at the Parliament lobby today.

    He was commenting on the avian flu cases detected in Kampung Pulau Tebu, Tunjong, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, when several dead kampung chickens tested positive for bird flu.

    Subramaniam said the source of the H5N1 infection was still being investigated.
    ...
    The Health Ministry today confirmed that there have been no H5N1 avian flu infection in humans thus far, even though there are cases of infected chickens in Kelantan.


    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    H5N1 avian flu: Culling of birds went smoothly

    Published on March 10, 2017 23:25 MYT

    KOTA BHARU: Almost 80 per cent of birds in areas suspected of H5N1 avian flu around Kampung Pulau Tebu in Tunjong here have been culled today.

    Kelantan Agriculture, Agro-based Industry and Bio-technology Committee chairman Datuk Che Abdullah Mat Nawi said the culling exercise was being conducted with cooperation from various government departments via a special committee which was formed since the bird flu cases was detected on Monday.

    "We believe the culling of birds will be completed tomorrow at all areas within one kilometre radius from the location (Kampung Pulau Tebu) where the outbreak was detected," he said when contacted here today.
    ...
    "Only several free-range chickens in three locations were tested positive for H5N1...There have been no new cases so far," he said.
    ...
    Kelantan would be declared free from H5N1 if no new locations were detected within 21 days from the first day of the outbreak, said Che Abdullah. -- BERNAMA

    The culling exercise was being conducted with cooperation from various government departments via a special committee which was formed since the bird flu cases was detected on Monday.
    "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
    -Nelson Mandela

    Comment


    • #3
      Saturday, 11 March 2017

      ?See a doctor at once if you have symptoms?

      KOTA BARU: ...

      Confirming that no one has been infected with the highly patho?genic virus as of Thursday evening, Health director-general Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah said those with such symptoms or respiratory infection must seek treatment at once.
      ...
      He said they were checking areas within a 300m radius of Kampung Pulau Tebu for H5N1.

      As of Thursday, health authorities have examined 235 villagers in 58 households, as well as 21 health and 45 veterinary personnel.

      ?Seven showed symptoms and were kept isolated at a hospital nearby.

      ?Six veterinary department laboratory personnel, isolated at Tumpat Hospital on Sunday after showing mild symptoms, tested negative and were discharged on Monday,? said Dr Noor Hisham.

      ...
      KOTA BARU: Anyone having flu-like symptoms must seek imme­diate treatment following the detection of the H5N1 avian flu virus in a village near here.
      "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
      -Nelson Mandela

      Comment


      • #4
        Kelantan bird flu could have starting from cockfighting activities

        14th March 2017 28 0

        KOTA BHARU ? The Veterinary Services Department believes the bird flu (H5N1) epidemic detected in the state could have started from cockfighting activities involving roosters from neighbouring countries.

        The department?s director-general Datuk Dr Kamaruddin Md Isa urged the public to stop holding such contests, including at border areas, to prevent the H5N1 virus from spreading elsewhere.

        ?We see a similarity between these cases and those in 2004 which also occurred in Kelantan where roosters infected with H5N1 were involved in cockfighting at the border areas,? he told reporters here today.

        Kamaruddin said further investigations were being conducted to identify the real source of the epidemic, including looking at similarities with fowl diseases in Asean countries.

        ?So far, no new location has been found to have been infected and the epidemic has not spread to other states,? he said.
        ...

        "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
        -Nelson Mandela

        Comment


        • #5
          Kelantan declares 'disaster' over bird flu spread; no human infections so far

          By Melissa Goh Posted 15 Mar 2017 16:48 Updated 15 Mar 2017 17:29

          KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia's northeastern state of Kelantan on Wednesday (Mar 15) declared a disaster to fight the outbreak of H5N1 avian flu after the virus spread to two more districts - Pasir Putih and Bachok.
          ...
          Eighteen villages in Kota Bharu have been affected and almost 25,000 birds - mainly chickens, ducks and geese - have been culled since the infection was reported.
          ...
          The Malaysian Health Ministry?s director general, Noor Hisham, said no human infection has been detected so far but that the ministry is nevertheless on the alert. He added that the virus has not spread to other states, and that the outbreak seems to be contained in Kelantan, which borders Thailand.
          ...
          We’re sorry. The page you are looking for appears to have moved or does not exist. Check the URL or try using our search function at the top right. Alternatively, you might want to check out these top stories:  
          "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
          -Nelson Mandela

          Comment


          • #6
            Kelantan destroys 1,800 poultry, 1,075 eggs over H5N1 bird flu

            Bernama Published Today 6:51 pm Updated Today 8:46 pm

            Kelantan Veterinary Services Department destroyed 1,800 poultry and 1,075 eggs yesterday in a bid to stem the outbreak of H5N1 bird flu in the state.

            The department in a statement today said it also took 115 samples from 23 premises in a monitoring operation conducted yesterday.

            It did not disclose the locations involved in the operation but said no new affected location were reported as of yesterday.

            "Overall until March 19, a total of 28 locations tested positive for H5N1 virus in six areas - Kota Baru (14 locations), Pasir Mas (six), Tumpat (three), Tanah Merah (one), Bachok (one) and Pasir Puteh (three) involving 43 premises.

            "The total poultry disposed of so far is 33,153 and 13,342 eggs, while for monitoring activities, a total of 3,127 samples had been taken from 525 owners," the department said.
            ...

            State Veterinary Department says it also took 115 samples from 23 premises in a monitoring operation.
            "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
            -Nelson Mandela

            Comment


            • #7
              Kelantan bird flu outbreak contained; 56,000 chickens culled
              ...
              By Bernama - May 11, 2017 @ 9:11am

              KUALA LUMPUR: Bird flu (H5N1) in Kelantan has been contained within a 30km radius of Kampung Pulau Tebu, Tunjong, covering six districts in the state.
              ...
              According to the statement, 36 locations in six districts were confirmed positive for the disease, namely Kota Baru (in 15 locations), Pasir Mas (six), Tumpat (five), Bachok (six), Pasir Puteh (three) and Tanah Merah (one).

              "As of yesterday, no new H5N1 cases or locations were detected. Culling of 56,953 chickens and disposal of 17,531 eggs in the 36 locations have been completed," the statement said.
              ...

              KUALA LUMPUR: Bird flu (H5N1) in Kelantan has been contained within a 30km radius of Kampung Pulau Tebu, Tunjong, covering six districts in the state.
              "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
              -Nelson Mandela

              Comment


              • #8
                Highly pathogenic avian influenza,
                Malaysia
                Information received on 25/09/2017 from Dr Quaza Nizamuddin Bin Hassan Nizam, Deputy Director General (Veterinary Health), Department of veterinary services, Division of livestock resources & technology development, Putrajaya, Malaysia
                Summary
                Report type Follow-up report No. 2 (Final report)
                Date of start of the event 28/02/2017
                Date of confirmation of the event 06/03/2017
                Report date 25/09/2017
                Date submitted to OIE 25/09/2017
                Date event resolved 01/04/2017
                Reason for notification Recurrence of a listed disease
                Date of previous occurrence 10/06/2007
                Manifestation of disease Clinical disease
                Causal agent Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
                Serotype H5N1
                Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
                This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
                Related reports Immediate notification (08/03/2017)
                Follow-up report No. 1 (27/03/2017)
                Follow-up report No. 2 (25/09/2017)
                New outbreaks (25)
                Outbreak 1 (VRI-002521-2017) Kg. Padang Layang, Pendek, Larak, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 08/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 25 10 0 25 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 2 (VRI-002515-2017) Kg. Titian (Gertak) Lembu. Teluk Kandis, Salor, Pendek, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 08/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 45 5 0 45 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 3 (VRI-002959-2017) Kg. Paloh, Bukit Panau, Tanah Merah, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 12/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 5 5 0 5 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 4 (VRI-002724-2017) Kg. Aur Duri, Salor, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 12/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Village
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 75 5 0 75 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken and ducks.
                Outbreak 5 (VRI-002811-2017) Berek 12, Panji, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 13/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 30 5 0 30 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 6 (VRI-002816-2017) Kg. Padang Mengkali, Peringat, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 13/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 65 5 0 65 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken, ducks and geese
                Outbreak 7 (VRI-002818-2017) Kg. Jaya, Pasir Hor, Kota, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 13/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 20 5 0 20 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 8 (VRI-002817-2017) Kg. Machang Bobok, Pringat, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 13/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 70 5 0 70 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens and ducks
                Outbreak 9 (VR_-002822-2017) Kg. Kenali, Kenali, Kubang Krian, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 13/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 7 5 0 7 0
                Affected population Pet birds
                Outbreak 10 (VRI-002841-2017) Kg. Dusun Durian, Gajah Mati, Bachok, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 13/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 30 5 0 30 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 11 (VRI-003122-2017) Kg. Padang Pak Omar, Selinsing, Pasir Puteh, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 14/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 40 5 0 40 0
                Affected population Backyard ducks
                Outbreak 12 (VRI-003001-2017) Kg. Parit Gopi, Salor, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 14/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 30 10 0 30 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 13 (VRI-002983-2017) Kg. Garong, Gerun, Tumpat, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 14/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 8 5 0 8 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens
                Outbreak 14 (VRI003125-2017) Kg. Tualang Rendah, Wakaf Bunut, Pasir Puteh, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 15/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 5 5 0 5 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens
                Outbreak 15 (VRI-003118-2017) Kg. Kebakat, Wakaf Baru, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 15/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 20 5 0 20 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens
                Outbreak 16 (VRI-003120-2017) Kg. Cherang Melintang, Jalan Besar, Tumpat, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 15/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 15 5 0 15 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 17 (VRI-003277-2017) Kg. Kubang Bemban, Kubang Gadong, Pasir Mas, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 16/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 30 5 0 30 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens
                Outbreak 18 (VRI-003290-2017) Kg. Repek, Repek, Pasir Mas, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 16/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 10 5 0 10 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens
                Outbreak 19 (VRI-003561-2017) Kg. Aman, Kandis, Telong, Bachok, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 23/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 30 5 0 30 0
                Affected population Backyard village chicken
                Outbreak 20 (VRI-003557-2017) Kg. Kor, Batu 8, Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 23/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 4 2 0 4 0
                Affected population Backyard guinea fowls
                Outbreak 21 (VRI-003541-2017) Kg. Jalan Mujur, Jelawat, Bachok, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 23/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 65 5 0 65 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens, ducks and pet birds
                Outbreak 22 (VRI-003558-2017) Kg. Gong Wayang, Telong, Bachok, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 23/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 14000 5 0 14000 0
                Affected population Backyard broiler chickens
                Outbreak 23 (VRI-003559-2017) Kg. Kandis, Telong, Bachok, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 23/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 250 5 0 250 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens
                Outbreak 24 (VRI-003560-2017) Kg. Baru, Beris Lalang, Bachok, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 23/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 40 5 0 40 0
                Affected population Backyard village chickens, ducks and geese
                Outbreak 25 (VRI-003604-2017) Kg. Belukar, Delima, Tumpat, KELANTAN
                Date of start of the outbreak 26/03/2017
                Outbreak status Resolved (01/04/2017)
                Epidemiological unit Backyard
                Affected animals
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 5 5 0 5 0
                Affected population Backyard turkeys
                Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 25
                Total animals affected
                Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered
                Birds 14924 132 0 14924 0
                Outbreak statistics
                Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost*
                Birds 0.88% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
                *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter
                Epidemiology
                Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
                • Unknown or inconclusive
                Control measures
                Measures applied
                • Movement control inside the country
                • Surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone
                • Screening
                • Quarantine
                • Stamping out
                • Zoning
                • Disinfection
                • Vaccination prohibited
                • No treatment of affected animals
                Measures to be applied
                • No other measures
                Diagnostic test results
                Laboratory name and type Species Test Test date Result
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 06/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 08/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 09/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 13/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 14/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 15/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 16/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 17/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 25/03/2017 Positive
                Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Birds reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 28/03/2017 Positive
                Future Reporting
                The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.
                ...
                "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
                -Nelson Mandela

                Comment

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