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Gene Rep
. 2022 Jan 15;101505.
doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101505. Online ahead of print.
Global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19
Sina Salajegheh Tazerji 1 2 , Fatemeh Shahabinejad 3 , Mahya Tokasi 4 , Mohammad Ali Rad 5 , Muhammad Sajjad Khan 6 , Muhammad Safdar 6 7 , Krzysztof J Filipiak 8 , Lukasz Szarpak 9 , Tomasz Dzieciatkowski 10 , Jan Jurgiel 11 , Phelipe Magalhãses Duarte 12 , Md Tanvir Rahman 13 , Md Abdus Sobur 13 , Md Saiful Islam 13 , Adnan Ahmed 14 , Mohamed N F Shahen 15 , Awad A Shehata 16 17 , Rasha Gharieb 18 , Mohamed Fawzy 19 , Yashpal Singh Malik 20 , Nagaraj Jaganathasamy 21 , Vinodhkumar Obli Rajendran 22 , Kannan Subbaram 23 , Shaik Syed Ali Pakeer 23 , Sheeza Ali 23 , Saif Ur Rehman 24 , Mehmet Ozaslan 7 , Gulfaraz Khan 25 , Muhammad Saeed 6 , Umair Younas 6 , Safdar Imran 6 , Yasmeen Junejo 6 , Parmida Arabkarami 2 , Unarose Hogan 26 , Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales 27 28 29
Affiliations
- PMID: 35071820
- PMCID: PMC8761036
- DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101505
Abstract
This review was focused on global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 from different countries, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Central Eastern Europe, Egypt, India, Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia, Africa, Turkey and UAE. Male showed higher confirmed and death cases compared to females in most of the countries. In addition, the case fatality ratio (CFR) for males was higher than for females. This gender variation in COVID-19 cases may be due to males' cultural activities, but similar variations in the number of COVID-19 affected males and females globally. Variations in the immune system can illustrate this divergent risk comparatively higher in males than females. The female immune system may have an edge to detect pathogens slightly earlier. In addition, women show comparatively higher innate and adaptive immune responses than men, which might be explained by the high density of immune-related genes in the X chromosome. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the host cell, and men contain higher ACE2 than females. Therefore, males may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 than females. In addition, smoking habit also makes men susceptible to COVID-19. Considering the age-wise distribution, children and older adults were less infected than other age groups and the death rate. On the contrary, more death in the older group may be associated with less immune system function. In addition, most of these group have comorbidities like diabetes, high pressure, low lungs and kidney function, and other chronic diseases. Due to the substantial economic losses and the numerous infected people and deaths, research examining the features of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to gain insight into mitigating its impact in the future and preparedness for any future epidemics.
Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; Epidemiology; Mortality; One-health; Pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2.