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J Am Podiatr Med Assoc
. 2026 Jun 17;116(3):38.
doi: 10.3390/japma116030038.
Quantitative Assessment of the Correlation Between 'COVID Toes' Search Volume and COVID-19 Case Incidence and Mortality Dynamics: A Longitudinal Data-Driven Approach
Anna E Kotula 1 , Rahul A Pithadia 1 , Ashley Wysong 2 , Mark R Wakefield 3 4 , Yujiang Fang 1 3 4
Affiliations
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global public health crisis with diverse clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems, including the integumentary system. One notable cutaneous manifestation, referred to as "COVID toes," involves the development of pernio-like chilblains, characterized by red-to-violet macules, plaques, or nodules, primarily on toes and fingers. This characteristic clinical feature gained significant attention due to its apparent association with COVID-19, especially during the early stages of the pandemic when individuals with mild or asymptomatic cases exhibited these symptoms. Concurrently, digital platforms such as Google Trends have emerged as tools for tracking public interest in health-related topics, offering insights into real-time patterns of disease awareness. Previous research has demonstrated that Google Trends data may correlate with the incidence of infectious diseases, suggesting that search interest can be a proxy for disease outbreaks. In this study, we sought to explore the potential relationship between public interest in COVID toes, as reflected in Google Trends, and the incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. Specifically, we examined whether peaks in search interest for "COVID toes" corresponded with surges in COVID-19 cases and deaths. By analyzing trends in search data, we aimed to assess the utility of digital platforms as an epidemiological tool for monitoring disease progression and public awareness. Our findings provide insights into the potential role of digital search data in forecasting outbreaks and highlight the interplay between public perception and the clinical burden of COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of real-time data in public health surveillance and response.
Keywords: COVID toes; COVID-19; Google Trends; SARS-CoV-2; chilblains; diabetes; neurodegenerative disorders; peripheral nervous system.
. 2026 Jun 17;116(3):38.
doi: 10.3390/japma116030038.
Quantitative Assessment of the Correlation Between 'COVID Toes' Search Volume and COVID-19 Case Incidence and Mortality Dynamics: A Longitudinal Data-Driven Approach
Anna E Kotula 1 , Rahul A Pithadia 1 , Ashley Wysong 2 , Mark R Wakefield 3 4 , Yujiang Fang 1 3 4
Affiliations
- PMID: 42346877
- DOI: 10.3390/japma116030038
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global public health crisis with diverse clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems, including the integumentary system. One notable cutaneous manifestation, referred to as "COVID toes," involves the development of pernio-like chilblains, characterized by red-to-violet macules, plaques, or nodules, primarily on toes and fingers. This characteristic clinical feature gained significant attention due to its apparent association with COVID-19, especially during the early stages of the pandemic when individuals with mild or asymptomatic cases exhibited these symptoms. Concurrently, digital platforms such as Google Trends have emerged as tools for tracking public interest in health-related topics, offering insights into real-time patterns of disease awareness. Previous research has demonstrated that Google Trends data may correlate with the incidence of infectious diseases, suggesting that search interest can be a proxy for disease outbreaks. In this study, we sought to explore the potential relationship between public interest in COVID toes, as reflected in Google Trends, and the incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. Specifically, we examined whether peaks in search interest for "COVID toes" corresponded with surges in COVID-19 cases and deaths. By analyzing trends in search data, we aimed to assess the utility of digital platforms as an epidemiological tool for monitoring disease progression and public awareness. Our findings provide insights into the potential role of digital search data in forecasting outbreaks and highlight the interplay between public perception and the clinical burden of COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of real-time data in public health surveillance and response.
Keywords: COVID toes; COVID-19; Google Trends; SARS-CoV-2; chilblains; diabetes; neurodegenerative disorders; peripheral nervous system.